Should Prostitution Be Abolished - 1174 Words

Prostitution. Streetwalking. The sex trade. The sex industry. Whoring. Hooking. Et Cetera. The exchange of sexual activities for money. Prostitution is probably one of, if not the oldest taboos in our culture, and for good reason. Often times, prostitution is monitored in places called brothels, meeting places for finding prostitutes and sex in general. This scandalous practice is currently legal in many parts of the world, i.e. Germany, most of South America, Spain, Australia, Canada, France, Italy, here and there in Africa, Mexico and many more. It’s been legalized in many places, but why should a profession like this be outlawed? Well, there are many pros as to why prostitution should be abolished. A) Legalization of prostitution is an invitation to human trafficking and slavery. B) Legalization would attract more customers, promoting affairs and divorce. C) Prostitution is degrading. It turns woman into commodities, thus making them nothing but items to be used. I donâ⠂¬â„¢t think it would be a good thing to have more divorced couples, more human slaves and more sexism in America. Do you? Today, human trafficking has been at an all time high. Research on the topic is scarce, but increasing. The more we research and find out about this, the more apparent the situation becomes. 3,287 people are sold into sex slavery every year. 3,287 people are becoming sex slaves every year. To have legalized prostitution means that prostitutes must prove that they willingly chose toShow MoreRelatedMilitary Prostitution During Japan s Imperial Rule864 Words   |  4 Pageshistorians have addressed the issue of military prostitution during Japan’s imperial rule and the United States role in it during their reign. For roughly 50 years’ comfort women were the silent victims of war. During the 1990’s and 2000’s many Korean comfort women came into the lime light by opening up about their experiences in the comfort system. The Feminist Studies journal published Na Young Lee’s scholarly work, â€Å"The Construction of Military Prostitution in South Korea d uring the U.S. Military RuleRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized?958 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution is a topic with a lot of controversy. The reason is because it mixes with other themes such as feminism, violence against women, racism, poverty, gender, women’s inequality, trafficking of women, employment, and many more (Armstrong, 1990). Essentially, the topic of prostitution is so extensive and diverse that even until this day, the issue has caused uproar of concerns in all realms of society, in all nations. Yet, if a focus had to be drawn on this examination with prostitutionRead MoreProstitution is common lewdness for hire, the act or practice of a woman who permits a man who will800 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution is common lewdness for hire, the act or practice of a woman who permits a man who will pay her price to have sexual intercourse with her. It is a universal phenomenon with moral, social, cultural, psychological, medical, and other aspects. Althou gh male prostitution is also found, that involving males exclusively is best considered as part of the general problem of HOMOSEXUALITY. History. Social attitudes toward prostitution have changed through the ages and go on changing. It is difficultRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution has existed in history since before most people can remember. In our time, prostitution is hotly debated as to whether it should be a professional working job, or whether it is immoral and oppressive to women. This debate has existed since the dawn of time, and there is still no clear answer. Society demands that police should stop certain illicit activities from happening in their neighborhoods, but should law enforcement be made to waste their time and effort to arrest those thatRead MoreThe introduction of new technological advanced innovations and methods during the Market Revolution1700 Words   |  7 Pagesdeceived and moved from their motherland to work in unfavorable industries with prostitution as the most common jobs for these women. With the incessant growth of the prostitution , the act of participating in promiscuous copulation especially for money, theres an outgoing debate on whether prostitution should be legalized or illegalized. However, people fail to focus on the increasing amount of trafficking and child prostitution aroused by sex tourism. As the world interchanges knowledge, commodities,Read MoreProstitution And Its Effect On Public Health Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is defined as â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† It is commonly referred to in the media and among society as the â€Å"oldest profession in the book†. This is easily explained by the ancient references that are present in religious tales of the Old Testament in the bible to modern day â€Å"red light districts† across the United States. Prostitution and its legality have always stirred up a mixture of emotions across countries, cultures andRead MoreReasons Human Trafficking Should End1144 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Slavery occurs when one person controls another person, using violence or the threat of violence to maintain that control, exploits them economically, pays them nothing and they cannot walk away.† In 1865, slavery was abolished here in the Un ited States. It states in the thirteenth amendment that, â€Å"neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdictionRead MoreReasons Human Trafficking Should Be Ended1147 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Slavery occurs when one person controls another person, using violence or the threat of violence to maintain that control, exploits them economically, pays them nothing and they cannot walk away.† In 1865, slavery was abolished here in the United States. It states in the thirteenth amendment that, â€Å"neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdictionRead MoreThe Modern Slavery that is Taking Place in our World Today1033 Words   |  4 Pagesexploits them economically, p ays them nothing and they cannot walk away.† In 1865, slavery was abolished here in the United States. It states in the thirteen amendment that, â€Å"neither slavery, nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.† Although slavery was abolished there are twenty-seven million people in modern day slavery, around the world because of humanRead MoreA Ceremony Of Devotion Takes Place1684 Words   |  7 PagesThese women are supposedly married to the goddess Yellamma to serve and love and apparently forced prostitution is legitimized by this alone. So the question becomes whether or not this system and forced prostitution in general can be justified by religion or otherwise. That, I truly do not know, but I am leaning strongly towards the answer no. Let us discuss the above situation. Temple prostitution has been around for many centuries. It has been around for so long, who am I to say it is not right

Public Employment Relations Boards ( Perbs ) - 1358 Words

Public Employment Relations Boards (PERBs) are federal government or state appointed agencies that are responsible for resolving collective bargaining disputes, determining the bargaining units, monitoring representing elections, selecting a bargaining agent and solving the employment and labor related disputes of employees working in the public sector. Bargaining is the process through which employers and employees negotiate the terms of work and set them down in a formal contract that lays out all of the rules and regulations. Each side nominates a representative, so both labor and management are able to convey their terms and conditions and reach a mutually satisfactory agreement. Public Employment Relations Boards (PERBs) also ensure that the employees of public sector departments are not at the receiving end of any unfair labor practices. This paper will examine three Public Employment Relations Boards, the ones for California, Delaware and the District of Columbia. The California Public Employment Relations Board is responsible for governing a total of eight collective bargaining statutes relevant to public sector employees of the state of California. These employees include those individuals, who are working directly for the state, in the state’s public educational institutions (schools and colleges), for the state’s local public agencies (each county, city and district), employees and interpreters of the state trial courts, those that fall under the â€Å"In-HomeShow MoreRelatedShould A Sustainable Program Launches?914 Words   |  4 PagesEducational Employment Relations Act (EERA), as well as the Public Employment Relations Board (PERB) (p. 137-141). I’m so grateful that although I don’t always agree with every written word within my own collective bargaining agreement under the Teachers Association of Long Beach (TALB), I know that the union is there to advocate for my rights as an employee of LBUSD. This all ows me to focus on my creative teaching and still exercise my individual voice by approaching my school board to fight forRead MoreFederal Law And Public Employee Relations1425 Words   |  6 PagesAssociation versus Kansas Board of Regents/Pittsburg State and Public Employee Relations Board case study This case study began as a result of a complaint that was filed with the Public Employee Relations Act (PERB) by the Pittsburg State University/Kansas National Education Association (KNEA). The Pittsburg State University’s faculty members were represented by the Kansas National Education Association. In the complaint, Kansas National Education Association proclaimed that the Kansas Board of Regents/PittsburgRead MoreEssay on The Labor-Management Relationship1997 Words   |  8 PagesTraditional literature in the field of labor relations has focused immensely on its benefit towards the employer and in the process equating it to working rules. This has been so despite the field being expected to cover the process of, labor management, union formation, and collective bargain; all which are anticipated to create a positive employer-employee relationship. This relationship is said to be positive if there exist a balance between employment functions and the rights of the laborer. A lsoRead MoreChallenges in Pension Reform15566 Words   |  63 PagesPARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION NOVEMBER 2012 By James Michael Sandburg Capstone Project Faculty Advisor Gary Geiler CAPSTONE PROJECT APPROVAL FORM I certify that I have read the Project of James Michael Sandburg entitled Challenges in Pension Reform, and that, in my opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality for the degree of Master of Public Administration at National University. Approved by: ______________________________________________Read MoreManhattan Beach Unified School District3304 Words   |  14 Pagesschool system. In this sense, Manhattan Beach Unified School District has faltered in the most profound sense, particularly at Mira Costa High School, which for the sake of pragmatism, I will focus my argument on. Monthly department meetings, school board meetings, and faculty meeting have resulted in little to no progress in creating a productive and successful graduating class as well as alumni network. Yes, Mira Costa is able to praise its alumni and use their success to create further media awareness

Promotion Strategies Free Essays

For many years I have been considering the idea of learning a foreign language: for example, Italian or Spanish. I was always interested in foreign languages and linguistics, especially in European languages of Latin origin. Besides, some of my far relatives have Italian roots and can speak Italian very good. We will write a custom essay sample on Promotion Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now I could hear this language occasionally since my childhood and was truly fascinated with its melodiousness and beauty. But, unfortunately, I did not have a good deal of free time for learning a second language when I was studying in high school, because I had to take care about my little brother. This summer when I was staying with my family in my home town, I saw an attractive bright advertisement in a local newspaper. This ad was informing people about opening new language learning facilities and inviting people to join the lessons. Unfortunately, the newspaper was a little old and I was late to enter the course. Nevertheless, to my mind, advertising in a newspaper was a good promotional idea, because it was necessary to attract attention of general public and inform target audience about opening the course. Three-four weeks later I bought a fresh newspaper and found there an article about that language school. The article was not only informing about opening some extra courses, but also presenting opinions of the students and interviews with some teachers. Publicity, as an element of promotional mix, was also quite successful technique, because a great deal of potential customers of such courses are young businessmen or officials, who plan to join international enterprises and are regular readers of newspapers. In addition, the author of the article gave detailed explanations as to the company’s discount policy. In particular, students and youth were offered up to 20% discount. Besides, those who could bring â€Å"a friend† as one more student of the course could receive extra 10% discount. Certainly, in such situation discounts are also among the most effective elements of sales promotion, because language courses can be interesting for students and even for teenagers, who can be financially embarrassed. Couple of days later I visited my favorite bookstore in the center of the city and saw there a promotion agent, who was distributing flyers and leaflets to potential students of the course. He also had a variety of other promotional materials: for example, he was giving a pen and a colorful notebook to the people, who were entering their names to his list and intended to join the course. Probably, this was a little less effective strategy, because there were not many people in the bookstore who could be really interested in language courses. But it was a good opportunity to talk to a representative of the school about the details of their programs. In addition, the company spent a lot of resources for advertising their services in Internet. An up-to-date site was created, which had all necessary information about the lessons and was quite easy to navigate.   Besides, I could see their banners and small ads on other local Internet sites, attracting attention of numerous Internet users. I suppose that this strategy could also bring good results, because nowadays everyone uses Internet and it is easy to reach potential customers through the web. Finally, there was one more very interesting promotional technique, which was directed not only on attracting new customers, but also on challenging and stimulating the students to achieve great success in learning languages. As I could learn from Internet site of the language school, they were going to award the best students of the courses with different prizes, including a trip to the West Rim of the Great Canyon. I suppose, this is one of the best promotional ideas, which can bring to very good outcomes. Unfortunately, I could not join the class of Italian because it would take me minimum three months to complete the first level. But I had to be back to university to continue my study. Nevertheless, it was an amazing opportunity for me to observe how different promotional strategies work and can be effective in this particular marketing environment. I have to admit that marketing specialists of the language school were very well qualified, and they managed to organize a very successful promotion campaign. Bibliography: PACE, Unit 15. (2001) Promotional Basics [Brochure]. The Center on Education and Training for Employment, The Ohio State University. OH: Columbus. How to cite Promotion Strategies, Essay examples

Alzheimers Disease and Parkinsonism †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Alzheimers Disease and Parkinsonism. Answer: Introduction: According to World Health Organization, the life expectancy has been increased dramatically in the last few decades. As evaluated by Union ministry of health and family welfare in India, the normal average lifespan is evaluated 69.6 years in 2011 to 2015. Whether the problem is to improve the quality of life for older adults not only the physical health but also the mental stability is an important issue (Dementia, Delirium, and Alzheimers Disease, 2017). For this purpose, various geriatric problems should be considered properly. In this report, a geriatric mental illness which is Alzheimers disease has been discussed. A German neurologist, Dr Alois Alzheimer, first discovered this problem in 1906. Alzheimers disease is now becoming a common disease in older adults where they are losing their standard of life (Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Parkinsonism, 2017). In this report, the process to diagnose this disease, the difference from other mental disorders, and pathophysiology of the disease, clinical course and treatments, ways to improve the life of the patient at home and in the hospital has been discussed briefly with relevant points. Alzheimers disease is a progressive disease where brain tissues of the patient degenerate, affects the memory of the patient. The patient becomes disabling to socially interact even loses the ability to think logically Alzheimers disease is common in about 1 out of 10 people over the age 65 years and about 1 out of 4 people among the people above 85 years (Alzheimers disease, 2017). To diagnose the Alzheimer disease in a patient properly, the study of symptoms of the disease and brain imaging should be used together. These are as follows: The change in awareness, perception and thinking in contrast to the previous condition of the patient is studied. This can be done by evaluating the data obtained from that patient or the persons very close to that patient and know the patient very well (Valenti, Pantoni Markus, 2014). Several assessments can be performed to check the functionality of one or more than one cognitive domains about the educational and cultural background and age of the patient. According to Bradshaw et al., (2013), in the case of detection of Alzheimer's disease, the change in several cognitive domains such as memory, ability to execute a function, communication skill, language, attention and ability to learn new things reduced drastically. The patient faces problem to finish the daily normal task and confused with the location or passing of time. Gradually the patient may lead to deprivation of the ability to social engagements or works actively (Pedersen, Larsen, Tysnes Alves, 2017). Brain imaging studies such as Computerized Tomography or CT scan produces images which show the cross-sectional view of the brain, which help to study the condition of the patient. MRI or Magnetic Resonance Imaging is very much preferred brain-imaging study to understand Alzheimers disease. Now the more advanced techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography or PET and functional MRI or fMRI is used to study the if the activity of the neuron cells is proper or not (James, Doraiswamy Borges-Neto, 2015). Though the above mentioned processes and tests to diagnose Alzheimers disease have been discussed, one can confirm that a patient is suffering from this disease is possible after the death of the patient, by examination of brain tissue (Richard, Schmand, Eikelenboom Van Gool, 2013). Differences among dementia, delirium and Alzheimers disease: There is a huge confusion that dementia and Alzheimer's disease are the same, but actually, there are some differences. As opined by Breitve et al., (2014), dementia is the brain disorder that affects the performance of daily routine activities and communication whereas Alzheimers disease is a form of or part of dementia, where the parts of the brain which controls memory, thought and language get affected. Thus it can be said that Dementia is the umbrella term, and Alzheimer's disease comes under it. Another difference between dementia and Alzheimers disease is- some forms of dementia are temporary and curable, such as dementia caused by vitamin deficiency and drug interaction. On the other hand, Alzheimers disease is a degenerative non-reversible disease which cannot be cured, and the condition worsens gradually. Delirium has a pattern of abrupt beginning, and it stays for a short duration. Delirium is a temporary condition and also curable, and the symptoms of it include disturbed sleep, jerky movements, anxiety, hallucination, confusion, change in mood, altered pulse rate and blood pressure. As discussed above, Alzheimers disease is totally different from it (Dementia, Delirium, and Alzheimers Disease, 2017). Pathophysiology of Alzheimers disease: As opined by Chen et al., (2015), Alzheimers disease is specified by the loss of neuron cells. It also includes synapses in cerebral cortex area and some specific subcortical regions. This abnormality results in immense atrophy of the transformed affected areas and also leads to degeneration of parietal lobe, temporal lobe, some parts of the cingulate gyrus and frontal cortex. Several studies show the formation of plaques around the neurones and outside of neurones also. Plaques are made up of insoluble beta-amyloid peptide and cellular materials (Jucker Walker, 2015). The presence of neurofibrillary tangles has been clearly observed in the brain tissue of the patient of Alzheimers disease. Aggregation of the microtubule associated Tau protein which gets phosphorylated and form tangles, gets accumulated inside the cells. Oxidative damage of neurones, the presence of Lewy bodies and cascade of inflammation are also associated with Alzheimers disease. Recent studies reveal that though there are presences of plaque and tangles in healthy older adults, the number of plaques and tangles are much greater in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease, especially in the temporal lobe portion. According to Hroudov, Singh Fiar (2014), an increase of synthesis of beta-amyloid peptide is related directly to the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease. The main component of plaque, the beta-amyloid peptide is the fragment of the larger Amyloid Precursor Protein or APP. This APP is a trans-membrane protein which invades the membrane of the neurones. APP plays a crucial role in survival, growth and post-injury restoration (Chen et al., 2015). In the case of Alzheimer's disease, beta secretase and gamma secretase act on APP and fragmented it into smaller parts. Prognosis of Alzheimers disease: Prognosis is the medical term that predicts the chance of a patient to survive. As opined by James et al., (2014), Alzheimers disease is not curable till now. A patient of Alzheimers disease survives about eight years in average after the first onset of the symptoms (Research and Prognosis on Alzheimer's Disease - Alzheimers Disease and other Cognitive Disorders, 2017). Sometimes persons with Alzheimers disease have been found to live between 3 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms, but it mainly depends on the age of the patient, severity and type of the other medical conditions. According to Ginis et al., (2017), a patient of this disease often die due to flu or pneumonia, on the other hand, they may die while all the bodily systems stop their activity. According to Castello, Jeppson Soriano (2014), there are three stages of Alzheimer's disease. The first stage is a mild stage or early stage, the second one is moderate, or middle stage and the last one is a severe or last stage. These stages are difficult to identify separately as most of the time they are overlapped and not very easy to distinguish the symptoms of different stages. The treatment depends on the stage and severity of the disease. Two types of drugs are used to treat Alzheimer's disease, i.e. Memantine and Cholinesterase inhibitor (Treatment - Mayo Clinic, 2017). It helps to treat moderate to severe stages of Alzheimers disease. It improves the brain cell communication network and reduces the progress of symptoms. It often used with a Cholinesterase inhibitor (Treatment - Mayo Clinic, 2017) Cholinesterase inhibitor drugs include donepezil or Aricept, galantamine or Razadyne, rivastigmine or Exelon, whereas; Aricept or donepezil is the only drug which is approved by FDA and used in all stages of Alzheimer's disease (Ginis et al., 2017). These drugs boost up neuron to neuron communication (by providing acetylcholine which is a neuro transmitter) which decreases in the brain-tissues of a patient of Alzheimers disease. These drugs are also helpful to reduce the symptoms of depression or agitation as well (Hroudov, Singh Fiar, 2014). It should be remembered that these medications cannot cure or stop the progress of Alzheimers disease; it can only help to lessen the symptoms. Safety intervention for Alzheimers Patient: According to Heller, Gibbons Fisher (2015), Alzheimer's disease is such type of condition where a patient needs full help at their home, and in the hospital, they need special care also. Some special care which should be followed in the hospital has been discussed below: Establishment of an effective communication system with a patient with great patience and also with the patient's family. Frequently examination of the vital conditions of the patient. Observe the patients food and fluid intake to determine the imbalances. Application of required medicines for this disease and the effect should be noted. If the patient has a problem to swallow the medicine, then the medicine should be crushed and mixed in a semi-soft food and then help the patient to intake it (Castello, Jeppson Soriano, 2014). Help the patient to maintain hygiene. Encourage the Alzheimers patient for some exercise under proper observation. There should be proper rest periods between exercises as the patients get easily tired. Proper emotional support should be given to the patient and the patients family. If the patient wants to live in patient's home, then some safety interventions should be applied there (Treatment - Mayo Clinic, 2017). The valuable and important things such as keys, mobile phones should be kept in the same place as the patient can find it easily. Encourage the patient to carry a mobile phone with the capability of location. Important phone numbers should be saved so that the patient can call someone in case of emergency. Use calendars and white boards at home which will help the patient to follow the daily schedules and the patient can also check if the daily routine has been performed or not (Jucker Walker, 2015). Sturdy handrails should be installed in bathrooms and on stairways. The patient should be taken to the bathrooms at specific time intervals and should be helped them to locate the bathroom. The number of mirrors should be reduced at home as a patient of Alzheimer's disease may be confused or frightened by the reflection in the mirror. The patient should be given independence as much as possible, but the safety of the patient should be ensured. These safety interventions will help to improve the quality of life of the patient. Conclusion: It is clear from the above discussion that with the increase of average life-span, Alzheimers disease is now an inevitable problem which is drawing the attention of medical professionals. It can be said though it is not curable; many types of research have been going on to find out a proper solution. Now, the main focus is to provide a healthy and standard life and provide the patient with a better way to live. It can be concluded that the best proposal to this disease is awareness, communication, engagement and loving care along with medication. Reference list: Alzheimers disease. (2017).NeuRA. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://www.neura.edu.au/health/alzheimers-disease/?gclid=CPHi2MyC1NMCFYMEaAodK9UBFA Breitve, M. H., Chwiszczuk, L. J., Hynninen, M. J., Rongve, A., Brnnick, K., Janvin, C., Aarsland, D. (2014). A systematic review of cognitive decline in dementia with Lewy bodies versus Alzheimers disease. Alzheimer's research therapy, 6(5), 53. Burnham, S. C., Bourgeat, P., Dor, V., Savage, G., Brown, B., Laws, S., ... Masters, C. L. (2016). Clinical and cognitive trajectories in cognitively healthy elderly individuals with suspected non-Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology (SNAP) or Alzheimer's disease pathology: a longitudinal study. The Lancet Neurology, 15(10), 1044-1053. Castello, M. A., Jeppson, J. D., Soriano, S. (2014). Moving beyond anti-amyloid therapy for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimers disease.BMC neurology, 14(1), 169. Chen, X., Kondo, K., Motoki, K., Homma, H., Okazawa, H. (2015). Fasting activates macroautophagy in neurons of Alzheimers disease mouse model but is insufficient to degrade amyloid-beta. Scientific reports, 5, 12115. Dementia, Delirium, and Alzheimers Disease.. (2017).Alzheimer's Dementia Resource Center. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://adrccares.org/dementia-delirium-and-alzheimers-disease/ Ginis, K. A. M., Heisz, J., Spence, J. C., Clark, I. B., Antflick, J., Ardern, C. I., ... Middleton, L. (2017). Formulation of evidence-based messages to promote the use of physical activity to prevent and manage Alzheimers disease.BMC Public Health, 17(1), 209. Heller, T., Gibbons, H. M., Fisher, D. (2015). Caregiving and family support interventions: Crossing networks of aging and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and developmental disabilities, 53(5), 329-345. Hroudov, J., Singh, N., Fiar, Z. (2014). Mitochondrial dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases: relevance to Alzheimers disease. BioMed research international, 2014. James, B. D., Leurgans, S. E., Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., Yaffe, K., Bennett, D. A. (2014). Contribution of Alzheimer disease to mortality in the United States. Neurology, 82(12), 1045-1050. James, O. G., Doraiswamy, P. M., Borges-Neto, S. (2015). PET imaging of tau pathology in Alzheimers disease and tauopathies.Frontiers in neurology, 6, 38. Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Parkinsonism. (2017).Omicsonline.org. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from https://www.omicsonline.org/alzheimers-disease-parkinsonism.php Jucker, M., Walker, L. C. (2015).Neurodegeneration: Amyloid-[beta] pathology induced in humans. Nature, 525(7568), 193-194. Pedersen, K. F., Larsen, J. P., Tysnes, O. B., Alves, G. (2017). Natural course of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease A 5-year population-based study. Neurology, 88(8), 767-774. Research and Prognosis on Alzheimer's Disease - Alzheimers Disease and other Cognitive Disorders. (2017).Gulfbend.org. Retrieved 6 May 2017, from https://www.gulfbend.org/poc/view_doc.php?type=docid=3249cn=231 Richard, E., Schmand, B. A., Eikelenboom, P., Van Gool, W. A. (2013). MRI and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for predicting progression to Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a diagnostic accuracy study. BMJ open, 3(6), e002541. Treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2017).Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 6 May 2017, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/diagnosis-treatment/treatment/txc-20167132 Valenti, R., Pantoni, L., Markus, H. S. (2014). Treatment of vascular risk factors in patients with a diagnosis of Alzheimers disease: a systematic review. BMC medicine, 12(1), 160.

Hinduism Essays (3398 words) - Names Of God In Hinduism, Hindu Gods

Hinduism The term Hinduism refers to the civilization of the Hindus (originally, the inhabitants of the land of the Indus River). Introduced in about 1830 by British writers, it properly denotes the Indian civilization of approximately the last 2,000 years, which evolved from Vedism the religion of the Indo-European peoples who settled in India in the last centuries of the 2nd millennium BC. The spectrum that ranges from the level of popular Hindu belief to that of elaborate ritual technique and philosophical speculation is very broad and is attended by many stages of transition and varieties of coexistence. Magic rites, animal worship, and belief in demons are often combined with the worship of more or less personal gods or with mysticism, asceticism, and abstract and profound theological systems or esoteric doctrines. The worship of local deities does not exclude the belief in pan-Indian higher gods or even in a single high God. Such local deities are also frequently looked down upon as manifestations of a high God. In principle, Hinduism incorporates all forms of belief and worship without necessitating the selection or elimination of any. It is axiomatic that no religious idea in India ever dies or is superseded-it is merely combined with the new ideas that arise in response to it. Hindus are inclined to revere the divine in every manifestation, whatever it may be, and are doctrinally tolerant, allowing others - including both Hindus and non-Hindus - whatever beliefs suit them best. A Hindu may embrace a non-Hindu religion without ceasing to be a Hindu, and because Hindus are disposed to think synthetically and to regard other forms of worship, strange gods, and divergent doctrines as inadequate rather than wrong or objectionable, they tend to believe that the highest divine powers are complement one another. Few religious ideas are considered to be irreconcilable. The core of religion does not depend on the existence or nonexistence of God or on whether there is one god or many. Because relig ious truth is said to transcend all verbal definition, it is not conceived in dogmatic terms. Moreover, the tendency of Hindus to distinguish themselves from others on the basis of practice rather than doctrine further de-emphasizes doctrinal differences. Hinduism is both a civilization and a congregation of religions; it has neither a beginning or founder, nor a central authority, hierarchy, or organization. Hindus believe in an uncreated, eternal, infinite, transcendent, and all-embracing principle, which, comprising in itself being and non-being, is the sole reality, the ultimate cause and foundation, source, and goal of all existence. This ultimate reality is called Brahman. As the All, Brahman causes the universe and all beings to emanate from itself, transforms itself into the universe, or assumes it's appearance. Brahman is in all things and is the Self (atman) of all living beings. Brahman is the creator, preserver, or transformer and reabsorber of everything. Although it is Being in itself, without attributes and qualities and hence impersonal, it may also be conceived of as a personal high God, usually as Vishnu (Visnu) or Siva. This fundamental belief in and the essentially religious search for ultimate reality - that is, t he One is the All - have continued almost unaltered for more than 30 centuries and has been the central focus of India's spiritual life. In some perceptions, Hinduism has been called 'atheistic'. In other perceptions, and this is perhaps the more common one, it is labeled 'polytheistic'. The term 'polytheism' acknowledges the presence of a God-figure in a religious system, but in the plural. Thus it is said that Hindus worship many such beings we call God. But obviously this implies a very profound difference in the understanding of what such a 'God' could be. It is often said that Hindus worship three gods and they are in fact called the 'Hindu Trinity'. The gods involved are: Brahma, Visnu and Siva. The first is supposed to create the world (at the beginning of each cosmic cycle), the second to maintain it in being, and Siva, at the end of a cosmic cycle, to destroy it again. But then a further idea is added which is ignored by the proponents of the theory of a Hindu Trinity. What is added invariably implies that,

The Railway Essays - Landscape, Topography, Free Essays, Term Papers

The Railway Essays - Landscape, Topography, Free Essays, Term Papers The Railway The thesis for Schivelbuschs book The Railway Journey seems to be that the railroad altered the travelers perceptions of space, time, distance, nature and the senses. Although the means of a quick and reliable mode of transport was and is an important part of industrialization, it denaturalized and desensualized the passengers (Schivelbusch 20). Shrinking and reshaping the world it touches with industrial fingers and alienating the riders to the world around them. With fast and reliable steam power engines replacing previously expensive and unreliable natural sources of energy such as water or animal man is released from the constraints of nature. These engines do not succumb to the whims of weather or exhaustion and are reliable enough to keep and daily regulated schedule despite wind or rain. Yet, by replacing the age-old use of the horse and carriage and through sheer speed they have made the world smaller and more accessible to the people. Where in the olden days people experienced every step of the way with their senses now all they have to do is step on a train and step out onto a different place. The railroad has annihilated the space and time, which were characterized by the old transport technology (36). To the perception of the people who had previously experienced every step of their journeys the world seemed to have shrunk. The detachment of man from nature and his perception of nature is finalized in the construction of the railways (20). Since the ideal railway is hard, level and straight, they were not laid out sympathetically to the landscape but instead cut and carve their way through in a straight line. Nothing gets in their way, not river mountain or canyon. The riders of these straight speeding bullets see nothing but a disorienting sight of the landscape shooting past to quickly for them to focus on. The train creates a barrier between themselves and the landscape making them detached viewers of an untouchable scene. This barrier is later enhanced by the telegraph poles that began to be widely used to regulate railway traffic. Now the traveler perceived the landscape as it was filtered through the machine ensemble (24) The use of railways to transport goods began to be felt in the very architecture of the time. With the use of availability of previously hard to acquire items, such as glass and steel, the railroad reorganized space (45). These new materials bent the contrast between light and shadow making it uniform and absent of contrast, a disorienting combination to people used to rock and wood. In the very beginning of the book, culture is described as having an organic quality, if so it is now an inorganic culture. This culture is now detached from the organic. As the railways expanded their reach they began to affect the special presence (40)of various commodities and towns which were once associated with a certain region. This desensualization of the regions is described as losing their auras and so no longer have the special qualities that it once has. No longer do people have to travel long and rugged distances for a certain fruit or to visit a certain town, now they only have to hop on a train then hop off. Thus the perception of individuality is lost. The changes of perception that the railway caused are precursor of the denaturalization and desensualization that is abundant is modern industrial society. Schivelbuschs book gives interesting evidence to this thesis. By its manipulation of the world by the railways which altered the old world views of travel and nature it changes the definition of mans world view and the place man sees himself as being in the landscape around him. Bibliography Shivelbusch. The Railway Journy

Sustainability and Integrated Reporting - A New Approach Essay

Sustainability and Integrated Reporting - A New Approach - Essay Example The benefits and challenges of this reporting is looked into and the need to adopt in corporations. Woolworth, a categorical large corporation is analysed in regards to the extent it has adopted integrated accounting. Guidelines for integrated reporting are set out globally through various bodies like the International integration reporting committee amongst others. The meaning of sustainability In the business context, sustainability can be defined as an approach that attempts to achieve long-term shareholder value by taking opportunities and managing risks emanating from economic, social and environmental development, but at the same time cutting back sustainability costs and risks (Michalski et al, 2002, 6). To achieve sustainability the business presents itself an opportunity to grow economically while attaining social fairness and environmental protection for its stakeholders. Apparently Woolworth considers sustainability in its business operations. The success of sustainability is high returns to the business and benefits to the community at large. Woolworth is presented with an opportunity to do good to the various stakeholders in turn earn returns on investments made towards sustainability. Woolworth’s policy on the Destination Zero clearly depicts a responsible employer in safety measures. This indicates no harm to people, property and the community. Reduction of potential harm is a social responsibility to Woolworth and thus maintaining the lead in retailing. People and Culture are the two main aspects which give Woolworth a competitive edge. To maintain this, the Retailer has to extend the benefits of social welfare by spending $63 million for staff focused initiatives. This is the key to sustainability in order to maintain satisfied employees to undertake the economic business responsibility. This is the central resource to be mobilized as the driver of sustainability. Corporate stakeholders of Woolworths and Woolworth’s engagement abo ut sustainability issues Community and the customers Plastic bags, GM foods, Responsible sale of alcohol are among the cited examples that Woolworth has had in its target. Recycling of plastic bags was improved through the elimination of the blue plastic bags that were used for bananas. New display methods have allowed them and their supplies to save on costs. This overall helps in creating a safe environment for the community. Responsible food retailer has had its way through educating the community on key issues on genetically modified foods, Foodbank, fresh food kids program etc. Government Compliance with government regulations is seen in aspects of selling alcohol responsibly and responsible serving of gaming. To attain liquor licenses, it had to acquire pubs that engaged in gaming activities. Woolworth has had the responsibility in producing the alcohol range expected before sale. It has encouraged honesty in gambling among its staff. Woolworth has also been working with suppl iers in compliance with organisations ethical supply

Individual BUISINESS REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual BUISINESS REPORT - Essay Example However, the success of food enterprise in the UK is not guaranteed following the bloated number of operators, ranging from manufacturers, to wholesalers, to retailers. Nature Foods plays the role of a retailer in the UK market. The company engages in the manufacture and packaging of imported raw food before distributing their products across the UK. The General Market Environment and Market Findings in the U.K Processed foods have increasingly become popular across the globe. Variant food products are manufactured to meet different consumer needs, tastes, and preferences. The food market environment is generally competitive, characterized by myriad players and operators. The creativity and innovativeness of an enterprise is the primary basis of survival in the food industry, especially in relation to capturing a significant market share (Brennan & Grandison, 2012, p.426). Firms undertake continuous strategic planning in order to design ways and means of luring customers to buy. The core objective of a food enterprise is creating a reliable customer base by providing products that meet their expectations in terms of price, quality, and utility. The UK food market has been found to prefer to go local due to a number of factors. Firstly, following environmental concerns, consumers prefer locally grown, produced, or manufactured food products. This finding substantially affects food imports in whatever state; raw or processed. On the same note, food distribution over long distance has also been put at stake. Secondly, the manufacturing and packaging processes are becoming increasingly important to assess for costs. This aspect centrally affects the operational spending of an enterprise, and subsequently influences revenue generation and profitability. Finally, consumers of food products are going natural, meaning that food products containing artificial ingredients are consistently losing their position in the food industry (Jack, 2009, p.279). This implies that t he tastes and preferences of customers are shifting from artificial food ingredients to natural ingredients. Impacts of the Findings on the Economic Future of Nature Foods Ltd The environmental concerns by consumers have resulted in prioritizing local food products over imported raw and/or processed foods. Nature Foods Ltd imports raw food from different countries before it undertakes manufacturing, packaging, and distribution of the final food products across the UK. When consumers prefer locally grown, produced, or manufactured food products while the company imports raw food for further processing threatens the overall operations and business aspects of the company (Sinha, 2007, p.798). In other words, if necessary steps, actions, strategies, and plans are not taken, the company is likely to run out of business. It is important to note that consumers are rational when it comes to spending. This implies that consumers seek to maximize their utility at the minimum cost possible (Hu tter, 2011, p.111). In so doing, they factor in their needs, tastes, and preferences. The pricing policies that Nature Foods has adopted and the quality of its products can take the company a long way in terms of operational success. However, the opposite is true if the company fails to adjust to consumer needs. In other words the economic future of the company is in jeopardy if the company fails to make adjustments and meet consumer needs as they change. Low

Analysis of Management base off of the book Who Moved My Cheese by Essay

Analysis of Management base off of the book Who Moved My Cheese by Spencer Johnson - Essay Example Changes are unique and specific depending on the diversity of the workplaces; however, they display some degree of similarity with regard to how they are implemented. For any firm to run, it has to undergo some changes. The changes may be both internal and external, and they occur along its life line aimed at various reasons of prosperity. As a result, the necessities for the changes are numerous. Firstly, internal change assists in maximizing the opportunities presented by the proposed change. This is achievable and is usually guided by the laid down procedure that presents the innovation. Also, it helps identify and overcome impediments that overburden a given enterprise which directly brings down the outcome for which the organization is set. Change could also be done to minimize the disruption to programs and services. This is especially where there is no clear definition of roles in a workplace. In most cases, this leads to the duplication of duties; hence, inefficiency in servi ce delivery (Mayle & Salman, 2009). External changes usually arise from the authorities, and they do not necessarily aim at improving the conditions at the work place. However, these changes have to be dealt with to ensure a good working environment. When these changes come about, it is the duty of the management to know how to deal with them. The management is, therefore, involved in various ways with this regard. This is because it has to ensure that it balances the changes being introduced and the interests of the people executing them (Spencer, 1998). Hence, its role is double edged; first to ensure that the change is executed as well as solve any dispute or resistance arising from the given change. The management of these changes can only be successful if the manager applies appropriate managerial styles. The management’s first mandate is overseeing of the enactment of changes and using various management styles. Furthermore, management styles evolve with time; hence, th ey can be classified as old and new. However, they all serve the purpose intended. The first approach is organizational development (OD). This is an approach which recognizes the reality of post-modern organization. This internal change approach enhances the separation of roles brought about by the intended change; hence, increased efficiency (Mayle & Salman, 2009). The Integrated Strategic Approach (ISC) as another method. This is change management method where participation is encouraged. This is such that all employees are involved in the analysis, planning and implementation process. Therefore, this means that they work together towards creating shared ownership, as well as improving coordination and integration of all work stations. This change .management approach fits well because it faces less resilience since it creates an environment where every worker feels as part of the system (Beerel, 2009). Trans-organizational development (TD) is another approach which is emerging. T his approach has been brought about by the realization that everything is interdependent and organizations are part of a bigger system. TD is a form of planned change that enables organizations to collaborate with each other in resource and risk sharing. This is especially in cases of external changes that cut across various organizations. Spencer (1998) suggests that organizations should approach change less

Effect of Acculturation on Consumer Behaviour

Effect of Acculturation on Consumer Behaviour Acculturation and affect of it on ethnic minorities consumer behaviour. Abstract: This paper presents what acculturation is and its impact on consumer behaviour. Acculturation represents a multifaceted and ongoing process where the continual interactions between the minority and dominant ethnic group iteratively affect cultural attitudes, behaviours and values across society. An important aspect of the acculturation process is often the need for individuals to demonstrate success in life, either to the dominant societal group or to their own ethnic group. This behaviour is consistent with consumer acculturation theories that argue that products imbued with cultural meaning are deliberately consumed by ethnic minorities to demonstrate their cultural adaptation. This is the process of acculturation. Introduction: An alternative consumer acculturation perspective is that ethnic minority individuals who demonstrate conspicuous consumption often do so in order to show their sense of rejection from the dominant society. This rejection may arise from experiences of racism often culminating in poor academic performance, inability to obtain well-paid jobs and struggles to establish a self-identity that is both recognized and valued by their own ethnic group and others. The ethnic minority persons sense of rejection may then be represented by the consumption of products that differentiates them from the dominant group and highlights their differences. A consumption act potentially reflects their perceived sense of rejection and demonstrates their inability and unwillingness to conform to the dominant societal culture. Main body : The contention is that there are variations in purchase decisions of micro cultures. It is thought that the division of subcultures will give academicians and practitioners with better and more correct data from which to understand the customers who acculturate. Research in this area will let greater and more precise intercultural comparisons. We also hypothesize that the currently identified social categories are far and too broad to prove meaningful utilization patterns or be predictive of future consumption behaviour, with the changing ethnic origin county. Dimensional nature of acculturation: To consumer researchers, acculturation is measured by some scale on various items relating to the respondents acculturation process, such as language favourite and knowledge about the host culture.   A respondents scores on all items are then put together (or further averaged) to yield a single score of the respondents acculturation level.   This practice assumes acculturation to be one-dimensional and therefore can be expressed by a single score.   However, research in psychology and sociology has shown that acculturation is a more compound multidimensional idea. A noticeable study from the above is that different researchers have proposed different structures for the acculturation. Some look at only behavioural, some use purely attitudinal elements, yet others join both behavioural and attitudinal elements in the structure. Although these structures differ from each other, they all state that acculturation is a one-dimensional form, but a multidimensional construct.   Therefore, when a researcher declares level of acculturation with a single score, the result may be prejudiced and may not reflect the real influence of the different aspects of acculturation. Way acculturation can influence consumer behaviour is through the maintenance and change of the acculturating individuals self-identity.   The acculturation process obviously has a significant impact on the individuals self.   It is main for the individual to get used to the changes while at the same time maintain an incorporated self.   The conflict between change and continuity in the acculturation process is reflected in the products the customer consumes and the way consumption takes place. Ecological factors and individual characteristics also play a vital role in the acculturation process and in the connection between acculturation and consumer behaviour. Acculturation and Consumer Behaviour One central way to differentiate between members of a subculture is to think the degree to which they keep a sense of identifying with their home country vs. their host country. â€Å"Acculturation refers to the process of progress and alteration to one countrys cultural environment by an individual from another country† (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel, 2007). The nature of this change process is affected by many aspects. Personal differences, such as whether the person speaks the host country language. The persons contacts with acculturation causes people and establishments that educate the ways of a culture are also crucial. Some of these agents are united with the culture of origin (in Sevgis case, Turkey). These factors include family, friends, the mosque, local businesses and Turkish-language; media that keep the shopper in touch with his or her land of origin. Other agents are linked with the culture of migration (in this case, the Netherlands), and help the consumer to learn how to pilot in the new surroundings. These comprise state schools and Dutch-language media. As immigrants become accustomed to their new surroundings, some processes come into work. Movement refers to the things appealing people to pull up themselves physically from one location and move to another. Although many ethnic members all over Europe are second generation (born in the country where they live), their parents are more probable to have been the first to arrive in the new country. On arrival, settlers come across a need for transformation. This means attempting to master a set of rules for functioning in the new situation, whether learning how to interpret a different currency or understanding the social meanings of strange clothing styles. This cultural knowledge directs to a process of adaptation, where new consumption patterns are formed. As clients experience acculturation, several things happen. Many immigrants suffer (at least to some extent) assimilation, where t hey agree to products that are recognised with the mainstream culture. At the same time, there is an effort at maintaining of practices related with the culture of origin. Immigrants stay in touch with people in their country, and many go on to eat ethnic foods and read ethnic news-papers. Their continued credentials with their home culture may cause conflict, as they hate the pressure to plunge their identities and receive on new roles. These processes show that ethnicity is a flowing concept, and that the borders of a subculture are continuously being recreated (Laroche et al. 1998 as cited in Palumbo and Teich, 2004). An ethnic pluralism perspective argues that ethnic groups diverge from the mainstream in shifting degrees, and that adaptation to the dominant society occurs selectively. Research facts argue against the view that assimilation essentially entails losing identification with the persons original ethnic group. For example, Sevgi feels relaxing in conveying her ‘T urkishness in a variety of consumption associated ways: the magazines she buys, the TV programmes on the Turkish network she wishes to watch, her selection of ethnically suitable gifts for events such as weddings and bayram(religious holidays).   Otherwise, she has no problems at all in communicating consumption behaviours of the mainstream culture she loves eating drop (Dutch liquorice), buys ‘Western music and has her favourite clothing for going out to the theatre and clubs. The researchers argue that the best pointer of ethnic assimilation is the scope to which members of an ethnic group have social exchanges with members of other groups in comparison with their own. A consumers way of life refers to the ways he or she decides to spend time and money and how his or her values, attitudes and tastes are reproduced by spending choices. Lifestyle research is helpful to track societal consumption preferences and also to place specific products and services to different sections.   Marketers segment by lifestyle distinctions, often by grouping consumers in terms of their AIOs (activities, interests and opinions). Psychographic techniques try to categorize consumers in terms of psychological, subjective variables in addition to visible features (demographics). A variety of systems, such as RISC, have been developed to identify consumer kind and to distinguish them in terms of their brand or product liking, media usage, leisure time manners, and attitudes towards such broad topics   as politics and religion. Interconnected sets of products and activities are associated with public roles to form consumption gathering. People frequently purchase a product or service because it is associated with a group which, in turn, is linked to a lifestyle they find attractive. Where one comes from is often a significant determinant of lifestyle. Many marketers identify national or regional diversity in product preferences, and develop different editions of their products for different markets. Because a consumers culture exercises such a huge influence on his or her lifestyle choices, marketers must learn as much as possible about differences in cultural rules and preferences when marketing in more than one nation. One important issue is the level to which marketing strategies must be customized to each culture, rather than standardized across cultures. A set of techniques called geo-demography investigates consumption models using geo-graphical and demographic data, and identifies bunch of consumers who exhibit similar psychographic characteristics. Consumers identify with many groups that share general qualities and identities. These large groups that live within a society are called subcultures, and membership in them often gives marketers a important clue about individuals consumption decisions. A large constituent of a persons identity is defined by his or her ethnic origins, racial identity and religious background. The growing numbers of people who argue multi-ethnic back-grounds are starting to blot the traditional peculiarities drawn among these subcultures. Recently, several minority groups have trapped the interest of marketers as their financial power has grown. Segmenting consumers by their ethnicity can be of use, but care must be taken not to depend upon inaccurate ethnic typecasts. Because a consumers culture exerts such a major control on his or her lifestyle options, marketers must discover as much as possible about differences in cultural standards and preferences when marketing in more than one country. The appearance of immigrants as a new market opportunity has discussions of immigrants consumption behaviour by both practitioners and academic researchers.   Studying the immigrants acculturation process and their consumption nature present us both a better view of this specific segment and a better understanding of the cultural dynamics fundamental consumer behaviour. Study of acculturating customers can offer us insight into immigrants consumer behaviour and consumer behaviour in common.   With more research undertaken, it can be expected to see extended knowledge of acculturating individuals consumption experience and a more complete understanding of consumers.   The model suggests two paths through which acculturation can influence consumer behaviour.   One is through consumer re-socialization. The other is through the individuals self- management when faced with remarkable changes in the self regularly characteristic of the acculturation process.   Environmental facto rs and individual demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological characteristics can influence both paths and therefore temperate the relationship between acculturation and consumer behaviour. Several orders for future research can be immediately seen.   First, most research has seen acculturation as a one-dimensional construct.   Future research should recognize the fact that individuals accepting the new culture do not necessarily throw away their original cultures.   They can adopt a variety of acculturation strategies including separation and integration.   Psychologists and sociologists have developed multidimensional methods of acculturation that can be adapted to consumer research.   Consumer researchers can also incorporate measures of assimilation and measures of ethnic identification to form a two-dimensional measure of acculturation.   Both construction and corroboration of acculturation measures fitting for consumer research are needed. Second, consumer researchers can study acculturating individuals consumption experience from consumer socialisation outlook.   Some research has been undertaken in this direction.   Penaloza (1989) projected a mo del of consumer acculturation based on consumer socialization.   There are also studies on acculturating individuals information probing behaviour and their dealings with socialization agents such as mass media (DRozario and Douglas 1999; Lee 1989).   More research is needs that study the influence of other socialization agents such as peers and institutions on an acculturating individual and how he or she interacts with them.  Ã‚   Studies on mass media can also be approved further to learn acculturating individuals media use pattern and how different patterns show the way to different consumption related awareness, approaches and values. Thirdly, how acculturating individuals supervise their self-concept during the acculturating process and how different management strategies are toughened and mirrored in the individuals consumption need to be looked at.   Consumer researchers have apprehended the impact of self-concept in consumption and have argued that belongings are part of an individuals extended self (Belk 1988).   These concepts can be applied to acculturating individuals to find out how dynamics of the self are coupled with consumer behaviour. Lastly consumer researchers should put together more hard work to study how an individuals demographic, socioeconomic and psychological characteristics can influence his or her acculturation process and consumption.   Researchers should go ahead of measuring these variables only for testing external strength, but should also study these variables themselves as they may have important suggestions on how acculturating consumers learn and consume.   Efforts should especially be made to identify variables applicable to consumer research and to establish measures of these variables.   Numerical tests can also be done to test these variables reasonable effects and their indirect effects on consumer behaviour. Conclusion: Consumer acculturation can be studied on the base of consumers socialisation. Ethnic identification and level of assimilation are often used to individuals within these minority groups. Acculturation affects consumer behaviour according to both assimilation and unique behavioural model showing the acculturating individuals in their eagerness to adjust to the culture of residence, may develop different social perceptions and behaviour patterns. The paper has attempted to determine the various aspects of acculturation in relation to different ethnic minorities.   Reference Barnett, H. G., Bernard. J. Siegel, Evon Z. Vogt, James B. Watson. 1954. Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation From the Social Science Research Council Summer Seminar on Acculturation, 1953. Blackwell, Miniard, Engel, (2007) Consumer Behaviour, Tenth Edition, Thomson South-Western. Palumbo and Teich (2004) â€Å"Market segmentation based on level of acculturation†, Journal of Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Vol: 22, Issue: 4, pp. 472-84.   Jamal (1996) â€Å"Acculturation: the symbolism of ethnic eating among contemporary British consumers†, British Food Journal. Solomon et al, (2008) â€Å"Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective†, Third edition, Pearson publications, U.K

Korean Food Essay example -- Korea Culinary Culture Essays

Korean Food Korean food is unique. It’s known for its spicy flavor and the use of other seasonings to enhance the taste. Dishes are usually flavored with a combination of soy sauce, red pepper, green onion, bean paste, garlic, ginger, sesame, mustard, vinegar, and wine. The Korean peninsula is surrounded water on three sides, but connected to the Asian mainland. This environment contributes to the uniqueness of Korean cuisine. Seafood plays a very important role as do vegetables and livestock. Let’s examine three of the most common and famous types of Korean food. Kimchi is a very popular Korean dish. It is made by fermenting vegetables, usually cabbage and white radish, and seasoning them with red peppers and garlic. Kimchi is served with almost every Korean meal. Kimchi is a good source of vitamin C and fiber. Large quantities of Kimchi are usually made during the late fall or early winter during a time called kimchang. The vegetables are buried in large earthenware crocks to ferment it during the winter months. Kimchi has become famous worldwide and is very popular in...

Food and Beverage Management Course

|TABLE OF CONTENTS | | | |TABLE OF CONTENTS |I | | | | |Chapter One: An Introduction to Food and Beverage Management | | |1. |The Concept of Management |1-2 | |1. 2 |What Is Hospitality Management? |1-3 | |1. 3 |The Manager’s Role in the Hospitality Industry |1-6 | |1. 4 |Categories of Managers in the Hospitality Industry |1-9 | |1. |Management Levels |1-10 | |1. 6 |Food and Beverage Management Functions |1-11 | |1. 7 |Job Description of Food and Beverage Manager |1-14 | |1. |Responsibilities of Food and Beverage Management |1-17 | | | | | |Chapter Two: An Overview of the Foodservice Industry | | |2. 1 |Foodservice Definition |2-2 | |2. |Distinguishing Characteristics of Foodservice Operations |2-4 | |2. 3 |Basic Elements of Success in Foodservice Organisations |2-9 | | | | | |Chapter Three: Types of Foodservice Organisations | | |3. 1 |Types of Foodservice Organizations 3-2 | |3. 2 |Quick Service Restaurants (QSRs) |3-9 | | |3. 2. 1 |QSR Definition |3-10 | | |3. 2. 2 |C haracteristics of QSRs |3-12 | | |3. 2. 3 |Main Sub-Systems in QSRs |3-24 | |3. |Transport Foodservice |3-28 | | | | | |Chapter Four: IT Systems in Food and Beverage Organisations | | |4. 1 |Computer-Based System Definition |4-2 | |4. |Computer-Based System Components for Restaurants |4-4 | |4. 3 |IT System Software Applications |4-14 | | |4. 3. 1 |Front-of-House Applications |4-15 | | |4. 3. 2 |Back-of-House Applications |4-29 | |4. |Benefits of IT Systems in Restaurants |4-46 | | | | | |Chapter Five: Managing Quality in Food and Beverage Operations |5-1 | | | | |Chapter Six: Food and Beverage Marketing |6-1 | |Chapter Seven: Food Cycle |7-1 | |References |Iv |

Contextual Analysis Drinking coffee elsewhere

Contextual Analysis Drinking coffee elsewhere ZZ Packer’s â€Å"Drinking coffee elsewhere† is the story of a young African American girl named Dina who uses escapism and pretense as a survival tactic in a mostly white-dominated university. While in Yale, Dina uses pretense to attract attention to her self and succeeds in getting the concern of the dean. Dina’s pretense, however, fails her in a way in that she does not realize that she is falling for her female lesbian friend.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contextual Analysis Drinking coffee elsewhere specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She uses the pretense, as she has perfected it, to suppress the feelings. Even though ZZ Packer ‘s Drinking Coffee Elsewhere’ presents her as one who uses white characters in her stories to address the concerns of other ethnicities, Birnbaum’s ‘Identity Theory,’ which is an interview, presents her as a ‘Black writerâ€℠¢ in that her works mainly target black audiences. Most of ZZ Packer’s stories and mostly â€Å"Drinking Coffee Elsewhere† are autobiographical. This follows the revelations of her background in the interview that ZZ Packer, just like the character Dina in the story, moved from a dominantly black neighborhood to a dominantly white University. As a black writer, Packer is in a way revealing her experiences in the University through the character’s voice and experiences at the university. The vivid insight and humor used by the character Dina in her remarks and actions correlate to that of the author ZZ Packer as revealed in the interview with Birnbaum. The young female voice of the character can be equated with that of Packer during her days at Yale University. Dina uses pretense to distance herself from the realities that the white neighborhood brings upon her. Considering the age of the character Dina, Packer was undoubtedly referring to her own experiences. Th is inspires other Black girls who are following her example when they come in to contact with the short story. This reveals that the intention she had in writing the story was to communicate with the African American teenagers who find themselves in similar situations. The overt racial pride portrayed through the character Dina reveals that the story as written by Packer was for the Black readers who would better identify with the character. This acts as a way to get used to the racial stereotypes and prejudices held against the African Americans by the other races (Collins 229). When Dina announces that she wants to impersonate a revolver during the orientation exercises, she is compelled to have a series of psychiatric counseling sessions. This highlights the stereotype of the angry and dangerous black man. The whites are suspicious and at the same time afraid of Dina as they term her as a potential homicidal psychic. Packer is using this character to portray that the personalitie s that are adopted by some black men are in most times merely survival tactics in circumstances where they feel outnumbered and not because they are potentially dangerous to others.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In ‘Drinking Coffee Elsewhere,’ ZZ Packer uses the skin color of her characters in addressing them. Dina says, â€Å"If I had not known the person was white from the peephole, Id have known it from a display like this. Black people did not knock on strangers doors, crying† (Packer 50). Black people also hold stereotypes against the other races as revealed in the above Dina’s statement. These make them feel superior to others especially in circumstances where they consider themselves surrounded by the different ethnicities. As the interview reveals, it suffices to classify ZZ Packer in the category of Black writers in that her st ories are interested in the private lives of African Americans (Birnbaum Para. 3). Most African American readers can identify with Dina’s experiences with ease, as opposed to how a white readership can identify with the work. This does not necessarily mean that Packer does not have white characters in her stories such as ‘Drinking Coffee Elsewhere.’ It means that the white characters or others from other ethnicities are there to help readers understand the African American characters in the story by evaluating their relationships. In this case, even white writers who write specifically for a black readership can be classified as Black writers. This is by considering how the works address the issues that are most felt by the African Americans as opposed to the whites (Collins 227). In the story â€Å"Drinking Coffee Elsewhere,† Heidi is a white girl who happens to be the only friend that Dina has in Yale. Heidi is a lesbian and Dina is trying to suppress th e affection that she has towards her. The character Heidi is merely in the story to help the Black reader understand the actions of Dina about Heidi. The character Dina is struggling with mistrust that surrounds her as a Black girl in a dominantly white environment. In most cases, this reality occurs most African Americans who find themselves in similar situations. However, they do not suffer direct discrimination. Nevertheless, their actions and simple gestures attract the keen attention of the other ethnicities (Collins 235). Dina is struggling to define for herself who she is and seek acceptance in the society through this is misunderstood following her overreliance on pretense. The only person who eventually notices this defense mechanism is the shrink, Dr. Raeburn. He is the only person who certainly understands Dina but after numerous futile attempts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Contextual Analysis Drinking coffee elsewhere specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Packer tries to pass a message across to her few readers of other ethnicities that if they seek to understand the black people and coexist peacefully with them, they should not give up at all. The character’s struggle and eventual success are what attracts the African American to prefer the works of Packer compared to the white readership. The African American consider themselves as continuously involved in a struggle to fight a system that oppressed them once directly and now indirectly(Collins 235). In Packer’s interview with Birnbaum, she, however, disregards these claims that she is a Black writer in that sense. However, through a keen analysis of the themes that dominate her stories such as ‘Drinking Coffee Elsewhere,’ it is apparent that she fits the category (Birnbaum Para. 20). The characters such as Dina are involved in a constant struggle to prove their humanity and demand for an end of some dis crimination. ZZ Packer’s words in the interview acknowledge the vivid emotional content in her stories. The kind of language that she uses in the stories can be identified with the African Americans more than it can with other races. In fact, in the interview, Birnbaum attributes this to the unresolved and troublesome issues related to race. Emotional content is a significant characteristic of African American literature. By addressing this issue in most of the stories in her collection, Packer automatically qualifies as a black writer. Another defining characteristic of African American literature or Black literature noticeable in Packer’s work is the use of poetic language in between prose. Packer uses Frank O’Hara’s poem When I was a child, the person said, I played by myself in the corner of the schoolyard all alone. I hated dolls and games, animals were not friendly, and birds flew away. If anyone was looking for me, I hid behind a tree and cried out I am an orphan† (Packer 49). The use of explicit language in the text also qualifies Packer to fit in the category of the Black writers. ZZ Packer may not consider herself as a Black writer from the perspective that her works target the Black audience. However, by considering her background and relating it to her works such as â€Å"Drinking Coffee Elsewhere,† there are evident pointers that she targets such audiences. The themes that dominate her stories, the style of writing and the nature of the characters collectively point to this fact. Writers, however, tend to deny facts such as these for fear of being regarded as racist or even losing the favor of the other ethnic groups, which can influence negatively on them financially (Collins, 224).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whether consciously or unconsciously, the fact that the product assists in coming up with such classifications is inevitable. One might not be intending to write for a particular audience, but then the product addresses the issues of a particular group prompting them to favor the work more than the other groups. ZZ Packer’s short story in this regard addresses the most felt issues of African Americans and, therefore, this automatically qualifies her as a Black writer and even a Black feminist writer. Birnbaum, Robert. Identity theory: Interview by Robert Birnbaum, 2009. Web. identitytheory.com/zz-packer/ Collins, Patricia. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of  Empowerment and Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print. Packer, ZZ. Drinking Coffee Elsewhere. The Scribner Anthology of Contemporary  Short Fiction: Fifty North American stories since 1970. New York: Touchstone Books, 2 000. Print.

Free Essays on Stop Killing The Children

The biggest controversial problem we have today with America’s youth is gun violence. Nearly 16 children a day die as a result of firearms homicide, suicide, or unintentional shooting. "This day and age" it is hard to raise kids into young adults and send them out into the real world with the "right set of mind". It can be troublesome sometimes but it can be done; what parents and mentors can do is teach the children and young adult’s values and what is morally right and wrong. We must teach them violence is not the way to resolve confrontations. In order to surpass the problem with America’s youth, parents must confront the problem of gun violence with two different solutions. As care holders of the future we must either discard from firearms that we may have in our houses that are easy accessible†¦ or another alternative to lean on is we can supervise the programs that may influence any acts of violence and explain to them it is just an act†¦. It is also important we must explain to the children the consequences if those acts were too preformed by an actual person†¦ To support my reasoning of solutions and why we should reform them, I have gathered statistics and hard facts that will support the solutions that we should take upon to depress the acts of violence that are influenced by America’s children. One fact that did surprise me the most is how much influence television has upon America’s youth. By the age 18 the average American child will have viewed about 200,000 acts of violence on television alone. Studies have shown that media violence is especially damaging to young children because they cannot easily tell the difference between real life and fantasy. One fact that bothers me the most is media violence often fails to show the consequences of violence. This statement is especially true in cartoons, prime time shows, and music videos. As a result to this, some children may learn that th... Free Essays on Stop Killing The Children Free Essays on Stop Killing The Children The biggest controversial problem we have today with America’s youth is gun violence. Nearly 16 children a day die as a result of firearms homicide, suicide, or unintentional shooting. "This day and age" it is hard to raise kids into young adults and send them out into the real world with the "right set of mind". It can be troublesome sometimes but it can be done; what parents and mentors can do is teach the children and young adult’s values and what is morally right and wrong. We must teach them violence is not the way to resolve confrontations. In order to surpass the problem with America’s youth, parents must confront the problem of gun violence with two different solutions. As care holders of the future we must either discard from firearms that we may have in our houses that are easy accessible†¦ or another alternative to lean on is we can supervise the programs that may influence any acts of violence and explain to them it is just an act†¦. It is also important we must explain to the children the consequences if those acts were too preformed by an actual person†¦ To support my reasoning of solutions and why we should reform them, I have gathered statistics and hard facts that will support the solutions that we should take upon to depress the acts of violence that are influenced by America’s children. One fact that did surprise me the most is how much influence television has upon America’s youth. By the age 18 the average American child will have viewed about 200,000 acts of violence on television alone. Studies have shown that media violence is especially damaging to young children because they cannot easily tell the difference between real life and fantasy. One fact that bothers me the most is media violence often fails to show the consequences of violence. This statement is especially true in cartoons, prime time shows, and music videos. As a result to this, some children may learn that th...

White River Massacre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

White River Massacre - Essay Example At the same time, White settlers were complaining about Utes for their excessive hunting activities. Meeker got frustrated when Utes refused to follow his order asking them to plow their race track into a farm land. Meeker sought military help from Colorado Governor Frederick Pitkin so as to protect him and his men from the Utes. His request was soon complied with and Major Thornburgh marched with 200 soldiers toward the White River Agency at the distance of 150 miles; however, the troops were first noticed by Utes during their hunting trip. Utes considered this march an invasion on them and asked Meeker to stop their arrival immediately. Meeker agreed and requested Thornburgh that better he keep his battalion outside the Ute reservation territory and only five of them accompany him for a dialogue with Utes representatives (Peters, Mike). Though Thornburgh agreed on this initially but for some reason began entering into Milk Creek. Thornburgh made a grave mistake of crossing Milk Creek and entering into Ute territory, maybe he perhaps assumed that his path would not get blocked. Thornburgh’s entry into Utes territory ignited the conflict between Utes and Whites that finally culminated into a full-fledged war. The battle began in the morning of September 29 1879 and escalated soon that triggered infamous White River Massacre (Peters, Mike). After finishing the dinner of the day Arvilla, the wife of Meeker, was washing dishes when she heard the gun shots. Perhaps Utes heard about the battle at Milk Creek and assumed that troops were marching ahead to kill or push them off the reservation area. Meeker and nine other white men were massacred methodically. Nathan Meeker was fired on the head. Utes hatred against whites was on high pitch on those days and that was evident from the heinous incident of a metal piece pierced into Meeker’s mouth (Peters, Mike). Arvilla, her daughter and one of her companion fled from

Creatine Loading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Creatine Loading - Essay Example This part of the essay will be discussed under the following heads: 1. Introduction 2. Evidence based practice: concept and definition 3. EBP in sports & exercise context a. Swimming b. Cycling 4. Conclusion 1.1 Introduction 1.1 The concept Evidence-based practice (EBP) is refers to the â€Å"review and use of scientific research to determine the most effective outcome. The scientific evidence plays a central role, although clinical judgement and the athlete’s personal preferences and values must also be considered† (Dunford & Doyle, 2008, p.17). EBP is also refers to as the preferential use of mental and behavioural health interventions for which systematic empirical research has provided evidence of statistically significant effectiveness as treatments for specific problems. The University of Minnesota Libraries, which maintains a website on EBP states that â€Å"EBP is a thoughtful integration of the best available evidence, coupled with clinical expertise and enabl es health practitioners of all varieties to address healthcare questions with an evaluative and qualitative approach. EBP allows the practitioner to assess current and part research, clinical guidelines, and other information resources, clinical guidelines, and other information resources in order to identify relevant literature while differentiating between high-quality and low-quality findings† (University of Minnesota; Libraries , 2010). 1.1.1 Significance EBP is highly desirable to research as it leads to rigorous and systematic study of research questions, the answers to which are based on scientific evidence (Nelson, 2010). Gray & Gray (2002) explain that â€Å"because research findings are fundamental in forming recommendations, the quality of the research is very important in EBP (Dunford & Doyle, 2008, p.17). This in turn becomes fundamental to the development of the best practices in a variety of professions (Nelson, 2010). In recent years, professional organisation s such as American Psychological Association, the American Occupational Therapy Association, the American Nurses Association, and the American Physical Therapy Association have been urging their members to carryout research in support or against specific interventions. Canadian equivalent of these organisations also stress on EBP. Other agencies such as the insurance providers have been known to deny insurance coverage to certain interventions due to lack of systematic evidences. 1.1.2 Applicability and areas of research The medical profession, in which treatments prescribed by doctors are based on the best evidence available so that the treatment is effective for the condition at hand, are not the only one to benefit from EBM. Other areas include psychology, psychiatry, rehabilitation, sports and physical activity research to mention a few. Many of these areas where lose bodies of knowledge were prevailing for generations without any empirical evidence are also now exploring applic ation of EBM. Nevertheless, sports and exercise scientists perhaps are the most immediate beneficiary of EBM, next only to the medical profession. The succeeding sections of this part discuss how sport & exercise scientis

HD paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HD paper - Essay Example The choice of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development was based on the fact that there is always a change in human’s mental processes due to environmental experience and biological maturation. The TV episode shows that human beings undergo changes in the way they think as they change their environment and mature with time. The characters in the TV episode have undergone changes in the way they think and their characteristics, which clearly show that mental capacity of human being, keep on changing with time (Goswami,2003). There are two major assumptions in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development that are evident in the TV episode. One of the assumptions is that there is a big difference in the way children and adults think and that intellectual growth is a process that involves adaptation to changes in the environment or situations. The way children think is different from that of adults as it is well represented by the TV episode where young Sydney refuses to acknowledge the adoption of Victor. Unlike other characters who celebrate the adoption ceremony, young Sydney feels that Victor is not part of the family and so the plan of adoption does not auger well with her conscience. The reunion between Amber and Ryan clearly show that situation may make people to change. After offending Amber, Ryan makes a point of apologizing to her. Amber tells Ryan that a few years ago, she was drunk and had a car accident but the situation marked the turning point in her life as it had allowed her to mature a nd grow. The two reconcile in a manner that fulfills the assumption that situation or environment has a direct effect on individual’s ability to undergo biological maturity (Wadsworth, 1996) The vital concepts presented by Piaget’s theory of cognitive development are egocentrism and Assimilation. Assimilation takes place when people are faced with unfamiliar and new information and may refer

Scientific Management Essay Example for Free

Scientific Management Essay Scientific management method is principle of management that applies scientific methods and principles in the management of workers and tasks. (Head, 2005) As defined by Head scientific management is the use of scientific methods among the workers to greatly increase the firm’s productivity. The scientific methods of management called for optimizing the way tasks were formed and ensured that the tasked would be performed better than how they were. It called for the training of workers so as to simplify the routine tasks and to aid in the improved production by performing their specialized sequence in motion in ones best way of doing it (Braverman, 1974) Before the introduction of the scientific management systems, all the tasks however complicated or simple were performed by some skilled craftsmen. These employees had taken a lot of time learning their jobs through apprenticeship; therefore they had to do as they saw it done by their trainers. In the process of doing the job, the craftsmen made their own decision about how their jobs were to be handled and completed. This made it to them so autonomous and therefore it was taken away by the scientific methods who simplified some jobs which made them to be done by even unskilled craftsmen (Hung, 1915). After Taylor had observed all the time wasted by the Craftsmen he observed improving the Job efficiencies. He gained the experience while working in a steel factory. While Taylor was in this steel factory he observed that most workers were producing very much below their normal production level. This he observed and researched on the reasons, which he found that; there is a common believe among workers that if they work and produce to their capacity many of them would be sent home, another reason was that in the company there was no incentive wages that would motivate the workers- the workers were being paid on an horizontal line regardless of their efforts in the production. This made workers to feel very much relaxed. (Braverman, 1974) During the research Taylor also concluded that the employees also use to convince their bosses that the pace they were moving with the job was the best pace. Another reason which also made this to happen was the fear that if the workers work at a faster pace then that would set for them the standards to be used to evaluate them- this would be a threat a looming danger to their working conditions and lastly the he observed that workers feared that management would decide to decrease their pay if the payment was done per unit of production. ( Braverman, 1994) The mother and controller of these problems was that all the workers depended on the rule of the thumb in performing their works. This he was set to change by countering soldering effect and increasing efficiency. (Dawson, 2005) To achieve this mission Taylor did a time study to determine on what grounds to apply the scientific method. During the time study he was interested in the proving of a principle which he said that even the most basic mindless task could be planned in a way that would increase productivity and that the scientific management of the task would be more appealing to the workers, that with the method alone the workers are already motivated. Head,2005) To prove these entire he carried four experiments namely, pig iron, The Science of Shoveling and brick lying experiments. These he did in the calculating efficiency when some routine works are eliminated in the process. All was a success and then developed the principles that would be used in adapting the scientific management methods. The principles to be adopted were that each company who wanted to new management method had to replace rule of thumb work method with methods based on scientific study. The institution adopting this system had to scientifically select, train and develop workers rather that passively leaving them to train themselves. That company also had to divide work nearly equally between the management and the workers and lastly the management had to corporate with workers to ensure that the scientifically select methods are being followed. (Hunges, 2004) With these principles in mind many companies adopted the scientific management and recorded improved productivity however the method was faced by some challenges as; the use of stop watches was a protested issue and led to strike in one company and it also method increased the monotony of work. (Dawson ,2005) Although the method was being protested by many workers it has been adopted by many companies today since it changed the way work was being done(dowson,2005).

Reliability And Validity Assessment

Reliability And Validity Assessment What forms of reliability and validity do Grogan et al. (2000) establish for their patient satisfaction questionnaire (PSQ) measure? Briefly (one paragraph each) review the forms established. 1) Grogan et al.s (2000) chose an internal reliability to check for the consistency or inconsistency of their inter-subscales.   They performed Cronbachs alpha analysis to measure the correlation of each subscales on the general satisfaction subscale. The results showed a high level of correlation coefficient, which range between .74-.95, indicating that the subscales are internally reliable. Using internal reliability (Cronbachs alpha) is efficient and most widely used, however, the expression of its result could only be in terms of consistency and inconsistency. Moreover, the Cronbachs alpha allows items to be discarded from the analysis just to get a better alpha value (Vehkalnti, 2004). Furthermore, the present result showed a strong alpha value of doctor subscale (.95), therefore, it is reasonable to exclude doctor subscale from the five-factor domain, since it is very similar to the general satisfaction subscale. 2) Grogan et al. (2000) chose an internal validity way of assessment (focusing on the inference from the cause and effect of a variable on another variable). Grogan et al. used a construct validity test by using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the Pearsons product moment correlation (PPMC), and the Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA). The CFA was used to identify the approximate closeness of the 40 items to fit on the appropriate factor of the five-factor model (doctors, nurses, access, appointments, and facilities), which was suggested to embody patients satisfaction. The result showed a low value of   measure and high value of non-normed fit index (NNFI), which indicated that the items were having a good fit with the five-factor model. The PPMC test was used to look at the correlation of the subscale on the general satisfaction subscale. The result showed a positive significant correlation, which means ANOVA was used to compare the five different subgroups (patients divided ac cording to age) on the 46-items satisfaction scores. The results showed a significant difference of age group, with a greater satisfaction of older patients on the service provision, than younger patients. Construct validity is widely use because its relevant and clear measurements, but the present study did not measure a low correlation scores of items to indicate that the items were irrelevant. Moreover, construct validity is also subjective (in terms of judging the items, where the researchers believe that the items measure what they suppose to measure). Also briefly review other forms that might be established and how this might be achieved. 1) Test-retest reliability might be another good way to test for reliability of items measurements. This can be done by giving the questionnaire to the same respondents (patients) at different occasions, preferably three months after the initial test (Kline, 1993). The correlation of scores between the two tests can be compared. If the correlation coefficient is high, this means that the questionnaire (the subscale items) are reliable and consistence. This can be done by analysing the Cronbachs alpha value, which needs to be greater than .70 to be reliable but not greater than 1 (preferably not greater than .95). Moreover, test-retest should not only be carried out to the patients who had full respondent rates but also to those who had partially respondent rates (17% of the patients), just to check the presence of any specific group of patients that might think the questionnaire was not reliable to them. 2) Alternate-form of reliability can be used to assess reliability of the items, which can be done by using a different wording for each of the items (but having the same meaning) to measure the patients satisfaction based on the five-factor dimensions. According to Litwin (1995), the items created should not be identical but similar to each other, and the test should be his should be given to the same patients at different times. The correlation between their scores will show the reliability of the measurement of the questionnaire. By looking at Cronbachs alpha, high correlation of the items indicates high consistency of measurement. 3) Interobserver reliability is a method that can be used to find how well the inter-subscale is (Litwin, 1995), which measures how the five-factor domains agree with the 46-items questionnaire, by allow the professionals from each domains (such as the doctors, nurse, people who responsible for the environment factor, people responsible for the access factor, and people who are responsible to provide the facilities) to answer the questionnaire to assess their own satisfaction of the service provision. The data can be analysed by using Pearsons correlation to find out the correlation coefficient of the items and the satisfaction. High correlation indicates higher reliability of the subscale. 4) External ways of assessing the validity would be good to mentioned, in which the inter-subscale can be generalized across different patients, places and times. This can be achieved by doing a sampling model and proximal similarity model approaches, in which the questionnaire is first distributed to a sample population, then to its nearby population, and lastly to the outside population. The analysis of scores from these populations can be done by using ANOVA, and the significant correlation can be revealed. If their correlation is significant (p 5) Criterion validity is a good way of analysing the researchs validity as poor criterion tests would lead to inefficient technique of measurement. It has two major forms: predictive validity and concurrent validity. The predictive validity can be applied to find out how well the service of general practitioners could predict the patients satisfaction in the future. This can be done by asking the five domain factors (doctors, nurses, etc) and the patients to fill in the questionnaire separately. Then, the scores will be calculated by factor analysis (CFA) to see if the domain factors fit with five-factor model and by the PPMC to see the correlation on satisfaction. If the domains score fits with the model and have high correlation coefficient, this could predict that the patients score would also be similar. In contrast, concurrent validity cannot be applied because it could not be compared to the gold-standard questionnaire of patients satisfaction as it was none. 6) Content validity can be addressed in terms of finding how adequate the items are to reflect its domain. This can be examined by using CFA, in which it is to find the proximate knowledge of the items adequacy (i.e. to know which specific five-factor domain was the item belongs to). 7) Method bias to measure the present of any biased items in the questionnaire. This can be done by using logistic regression. The items are considered to be biased if they have characteristics that only allow the respondent to give a certain answers, bias to the aim of the study. REFERENCES Carmines, E. G. Richard, A. Z. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. London: Sage. Grogan, S., Conner, M., Norman, P., Porter, I. (2000). Validation of a questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with general practitioner services. Quality in Health Care, 9, 210-215. Kane, T. M. (2001). Current concerns in validity theory. Journal of Educational Measurement, 38(4), 319-342. Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioural research. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Kline, P. (1986).   A handbook of test construction.   New York: Methuen. Kline, P. (1993). The handbook of psychological testing. New York: Routledge. Litwin, M. S. (1995). How to measure survey reliability and validity. London: Sage. Loewenthal, K. M. (2001). An introduction to psychological tests and scales. Hove: Psychology press . Rubin, H. R., Gandek, B., Rogers, W. H. (1993. Patients’ ratings of outpatient visits in different practice settings: Results from the medical outcomes study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 835-840. Vehkalahti, K. (2000) Reliability of Measurement Scales. Retrived November 18, 2009, from  http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/tilas/vk/vehkalahti/