HD paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HD paper - Essay Example The choice of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development was based on the fact that there is always a change in human’s mental processes due to environmental experience and biological maturation. The TV episode shows that human beings undergo changes in the way they think as they change their environment and mature with time. The characters in the TV episode have undergone changes in the way they think and their characteristics, which clearly show that mental capacity of human being, keep on changing with time (Goswami,2003). There are two major assumptions in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development that are evident in the TV episode. One of the assumptions is that there is a big difference in the way children and adults think and that intellectual growth is a process that involves adaptation to changes in the environment or situations. The way children think is different from that of adults as it is well represented by the TV episode where young Sydney refuses to acknowledge the adoption of Victor. Unlike other characters who celebrate the adoption ceremony, young Sydney feels that Victor is not part of the family and so the plan of adoption does not auger well with her conscience. The reunion between Amber and Ryan clearly show that situation may make people to change. After offending Amber, Ryan makes a point of apologizing to her. Amber tells Ryan that a few years ago, she was drunk and had a car accident but the situation marked the turning point in her life as it had allowed her to mature a nd grow. The two reconcile in a manner that fulfills the assumption that situation or environment has a direct effect on individual’s ability to undergo biological maturity (Wadsworth, 1996) The vital concepts presented by Piaget’s theory of cognitive development are egocentrism and Assimilation. Assimilation takes place when people are faced with unfamiliar and new information and may refer

Scientific Management Essay Example for Free

Scientific Management Essay Scientific management method is principle of management that applies scientific methods and principles in the management of workers and tasks. (Head, 2005) As defined by Head scientific management is the use of scientific methods among the workers to greatly increase the firm’s productivity. The scientific methods of management called for optimizing the way tasks were formed and ensured that the tasked would be performed better than how they were. It called for the training of workers so as to simplify the routine tasks and to aid in the improved production by performing their specialized sequence in motion in ones best way of doing it (Braverman, 1974) Before the introduction of the scientific management systems, all the tasks however complicated or simple were performed by some skilled craftsmen. These employees had taken a lot of time learning their jobs through apprenticeship; therefore they had to do as they saw it done by their trainers. In the process of doing the job, the craftsmen made their own decision about how their jobs were to be handled and completed. This made it to them so autonomous and therefore it was taken away by the scientific methods who simplified some jobs which made them to be done by even unskilled craftsmen (Hung, 1915). After Taylor had observed all the time wasted by the Craftsmen he observed improving the Job efficiencies. He gained the experience while working in a steel factory. While Taylor was in this steel factory he observed that most workers were producing very much below their normal production level. This he observed and researched on the reasons, which he found that; there is a common believe among workers that if they work and produce to their capacity many of them would be sent home, another reason was that in the company there was no incentive wages that would motivate the workers- the workers were being paid on an horizontal line regardless of their efforts in the production. This made workers to feel very much relaxed. (Braverman, 1974) During the research Taylor also concluded that the employees also use to convince their bosses that the pace they were moving with the job was the best pace. Another reason which also made this to happen was the fear that if the workers work at a faster pace then that would set for them the standards to be used to evaluate them- this would be a threat a looming danger to their working conditions and lastly the he observed that workers feared that management would decide to decrease their pay if the payment was done per unit of production. ( Braverman, 1994) The mother and controller of these problems was that all the workers depended on the rule of the thumb in performing their works. This he was set to change by countering soldering effect and increasing efficiency. (Dawson, 2005) To achieve this mission Taylor did a time study to determine on what grounds to apply the scientific method. During the time study he was interested in the proving of a principle which he said that even the most basic mindless task could be planned in a way that would increase productivity and that the scientific management of the task would be more appealing to the workers, that with the method alone the workers are already motivated. Head,2005) To prove these entire he carried four experiments namely, pig iron, The Science of Shoveling and brick lying experiments. These he did in the calculating efficiency when some routine works are eliminated in the process. All was a success and then developed the principles that would be used in adapting the scientific management methods. The principles to be adopted were that each company who wanted to new management method had to replace rule of thumb work method with methods based on scientific study. The institution adopting this system had to scientifically select, train and develop workers rather that passively leaving them to train themselves. That company also had to divide work nearly equally between the management and the workers and lastly the management had to corporate with workers to ensure that the scientifically select methods are being followed. (Hunges, 2004) With these principles in mind many companies adopted the scientific management and recorded improved productivity however the method was faced by some challenges as; the use of stop watches was a protested issue and led to strike in one company and it also method increased the monotony of work. (Dawson ,2005) Although the method was being protested by many workers it has been adopted by many companies today since it changed the way work was being done(dowson,2005).

Reliability And Validity Assessment

Reliability And Validity Assessment What forms of reliability and validity do Grogan et al. (2000) establish for their patient satisfaction questionnaire (PSQ) measure? Briefly (one paragraph each) review the forms established. 1) Grogan et al.s (2000) chose an internal reliability to check for the consistency or inconsistency of their inter-subscales.   They performed Cronbachs alpha analysis to measure the correlation of each subscales on the general satisfaction subscale. The results showed a high level of correlation coefficient, which range between .74-.95, indicating that the subscales are internally reliable. Using internal reliability (Cronbachs alpha) is efficient and most widely used, however, the expression of its result could only be in terms of consistency and inconsistency. Moreover, the Cronbachs alpha allows items to be discarded from the analysis just to get a better alpha value (Vehkalnti, 2004). Furthermore, the present result showed a strong alpha value of doctor subscale (.95), therefore, it is reasonable to exclude doctor subscale from the five-factor domain, since it is very similar to the general satisfaction subscale. 2) Grogan et al. (2000) chose an internal validity way of assessment (focusing on the inference from the cause and effect of a variable on another variable). Grogan et al. used a construct validity test by using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the Pearsons product moment correlation (PPMC), and the Analysis of Covariance (ANOVA). The CFA was used to identify the approximate closeness of the 40 items to fit on the appropriate factor of the five-factor model (doctors, nurses, access, appointments, and facilities), which was suggested to embody patients satisfaction. The result showed a low value of   measure and high value of non-normed fit index (NNFI), which indicated that the items were having a good fit with the five-factor model. The PPMC test was used to look at the correlation of the subscale on the general satisfaction subscale. The result showed a positive significant correlation, which means ANOVA was used to compare the five different subgroups (patients divided ac cording to age) on the 46-items satisfaction scores. The results showed a significant difference of age group, with a greater satisfaction of older patients on the service provision, than younger patients. Construct validity is widely use because its relevant and clear measurements, but the present study did not measure a low correlation scores of items to indicate that the items were irrelevant. Moreover, construct validity is also subjective (in terms of judging the items, where the researchers believe that the items measure what they suppose to measure). Also briefly review other forms that might be established and how this might be achieved. 1) Test-retest reliability might be another good way to test for reliability of items measurements. This can be done by giving the questionnaire to the same respondents (patients) at different occasions, preferably three months after the initial test (Kline, 1993). The correlation of scores between the two tests can be compared. If the correlation coefficient is high, this means that the questionnaire (the subscale items) are reliable and consistence. This can be done by analysing the Cronbachs alpha value, which needs to be greater than .70 to be reliable but not greater than 1 (preferably not greater than .95). Moreover, test-retest should not only be carried out to the patients who had full respondent rates but also to those who had partially respondent rates (17% of the patients), just to check the presence of any specific group of patients that might think the questionnaire was not reliable to them. 2) Alternate-form of reliability can be used to assess reliability of the items, which can be done by using a different wording for each of the items (but having the same meaning) to measure the patients satisfaction based on the five-factor dimensions. According to Litwin (1995), the items created should not be identical but similar to each other, and the test should be his should be given to the same patients at different times. The correlation between their scores will show the reliability of the measurement of the questionnaire. By looking at Cronbachs alpha, high correlation of the items indicates high consistency of measurement. 3) Interobserver reliability is a method that can be used to find how well the inter-subscale is (Litwin, 1995), which measures how the five-factor domains agree with the 46-items questionnaire, by allow the professionals from each domains (such as the doctors, nurse, people who responsible for the environment factor, people responsible for the access factor, and people who are responsible to provide the facilities) to answer the questionnaire to assess their own satisfaction of the service provision. The data can be analysed by using Pearsons correlation to find out the correlation coefficient of the items and the satisfaction. High correlation indicates higher reliability of the subscale. 4) External ways of assessing the validity would be good to mentioned, in which the inter-subscale can be generalized across different patients, places and times. This can be achieved by doing a sampling model and proximal similarity model approaches, in which the questionnaire is first distributed to a sample population, then to its nearby population, and lastly to the outside population. The analysis of scores from these populations can be done by using ANOVA, and the significant correlation can be revealed. If their correlation is significant (p 5) Criterion validity is a good way of analysing the researchs validity as poor criterion tests would lead to inefficient technique of measurement. It has two major forms: predictive validity and concurrent validity. The predictive validity can be applied to find out how well the service of general practitioners could predict the patients satisfaction in the future. This can be done by asking the five domain factors (doctors, nurses, etc) and the patients to fill in the questionnaire separately. Then, the scores will be calculated by factor analysis (CFA) to see if the domain factors fit with five-factor model and by the PPMC to see the correlation on satisfaction. If the domains score fits with the model and have high correlation coefficient, this could predict that the patients score would also be similar. In contrast, concurrent validity cannot be applied because it could not be compared to the gold-standard questionnaire of patients satisfaction as it was none. 6) Content validity can be addressed in terms of finding how adequate the items are to reflect its domain. This can be examined by using CFA, in which it is to find the proximate knowledge of the items adequacy (i.e. to know which specific five-factor domain was the item belongs to). 7) Method bias to measure the present of any biased items in the questionnaire. This can be done by using logistic regression. The items are considered to be biased if they have characteristics that only allow the respondent to give a certain answers, bias to the aim of the study. REFERENCES Carmines, E. G. Richard, A. Z. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. London: Sage. Grogan, S., Conner, M., Norman, P., Porter, I. (2000). Validation of a questionnaire measuring patient satisfaction with general practitioner services. Quality in Health Care, 9, 210-215. Kane, T. M. (2001). Current concerns in validity theory. Journal of Educational Measurement, 38(4), 319-342. Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioural research. London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Kline, P. (1986).   A handbook of test construction.   New York: Methuen. Kline, P. (1993). The handbook of psychological testing. New York: Routledge. Litwin, M. S. (1995). How to measure survey reliability and validity. London: Sage. Loewenthal, K. M. (2001). An introduction to psychological tests and scales. Hove: Psychology press . Rubin, H. R., Gandek, B., Rogers, W. H. (1993. Patients’ ratings of outpatient visits in different practice settings: Results from the medical outcomes study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 835-840. Vehkalahti, K. (2000) Reliability of Measurement Scales. Retrived November 18, 2009, from  http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/tilas/vk/vehkalahti/

Where Ceramics Once Thrived :: essays research papers

Where Ceramics Once Thrived Watching a skilled ceramics artist shape a creation on the wheel is a thrilling experience. Under her or his hands, a spinning blob of mud grows into a work of art. It's not unusual, after witnessing such a display of virtuosity, for the audience to realize that the ware on their own kitchen shelves pales by comparison. So it's logical to ask: Is every thrown piece made the same way? By hand? Even the cheap stuff at home? Of course the answer is: No. Production ceramic ware comes from highly automated assembly lines. A question with a more elusive answer might be: Where are the factories? Where does production ceramic ware come from? The answer: Until recently a small Ohio town. A visit today to East Liverpool, Ohio, a hamlet situated on the Ohio River just a few miles from the Pennsylvania border, reveals little of the town's history as the former world capitol of production pottery. This is a place of boarded up buildings, discount automotive parts outlets and abandoned storefronts. However for the ceramics industry East Liverpool is an historical mecca, the place America's where pottery industry fought its way to the world's center stage and thrived, albeit briefly. It was in 1841 that British-born potter James Bennett settled here, drawn by accessible clay deposits and the sense that he could make a better living than in Jersey City where he'd worked at the Henderson Pottery Company since immigrating in 1839. Bennett's hunch turned into a family affair - he sent for his brothers in 1845 - and soon expanded. Within four years the family's successful pot-throwing operation had spun off a host of competitors. In 1849 there were six firms running 94 kilns in the sleepy town. Between 1850 and 1950, few would use the word 'sleepy' again to describe East Liverpool. Following Bennett's lead, and copying his family's immigration pattern, a flood of mostly English-born potters arrived in East Liverpool. The work they produced was initially limited in quantity by inadequate power sources and in quality by a lack of clay varieties. Still, the town's early potters were successful. By the time of the opening shots of the civil war, a scant 20 years since Bennett's first endeavors, East Liverpool ware was being shipped throughout the United States and the town was booming. More than large amounts of red and yellow clay and a steady supply of immigrants figured into East Liverpool's growth.

Homer †“The Odyssey Essay

It is surprising that Odysseus, ‘a master of stratagems,’ can also be reckless and impulsive? Throughout the Epic, The Odyssey, Odysseus is determined to be a survivor and return to Ithaca with a status appropriate to his own sense of excellence. Odysseus is not going to make any suicidal heroic stands on the battle field and refuses to compromise a very narrow sense of integrity. On the contrary, he is ready to use any stratagem to get home. Odysseus lies, accepts insults, disguises himself, represses his emotions and even conceals his true identity in order to get through his journey. Odysseus is impulsive and reckless. The Epic, is only the story it is due to Odysseus being a character of impulse and recklessness. He creates opportunities for events and challenges and also the opportunity to return home as a heroic icon. Odysseus was surely a ‘master of stratagems.’ Cunning, strong, skillful, courageous and patient. The King of Ithaca, leader of his people. He was both these things before he departed for Troy. Although he was a great king, admirable, and resourceful, at times Odysseus was also reckless and often acted impulsively. The roles of being a hero and a leader were always implied. In a search for glory and glamour Odysseus sought out danger, mocked death and ways prepared to accept an honorable death. He also risked the lives of his men. This was most evident in the Cyclopes saga, where Odysseus persisted in entering and remaining in the cave despite the pleas of his men to take what they could before the giant returned. He chose to be too greedy, because of his actions six of his men died. Odysseus could not resist the temptation of boasting to Polyohemus who had blinded the Cyclops, again despite the pleas of his men. Not knowing what he was playing around with, not just his life but the lives of his crew as any one of those boulders could have struck the vessels and destroyed the lot of them. Later, Eurylochus was to refer to this episode with the Cyclops when he virtually attempted suicide by resisting Odysseus plan to take the whole crew back to Circe’s palace. â€Å"Why are you looking for trouble – going to Circe’s palace, where she will turn you into pigs? We have had all this before, with the Cyclops, when our friends found their way into his fold with this foolhardy Odysseus. It was the man’s reckless folly that cost them their lives†(Homer 1991, book 10, line 430) There was a lack of trust between Odysseus and his crew at times. Odysseus’ lack of leadership and recklessness was clearly pointed out on the island of thrinacle. The crew broke their oath and disobeyed Odysseus’ commands about eating the cattle of Hyperion. This incident underlined their weaknesses and Odysseus’ iron will and self control-but also showed the limitations of his leadership. On the other hand, there is evidence of care and concern by Odysseus for his crew. He was a man of stratagems but at times acted purely on impulse which resulted in consequences that only made himself look reckless. A man who clearly had the ability to lead by example, as a king and military leader, he had the inspiration, confidence and loyalty. This is seen throughout the text many times. On his journey, though, circumstances were somewhat different, the individualism and egotism of the hero as well as his failure to communicate effectively on several occasions created distrust. A man of tremendous courage, although he made those impulsive decisions he did care for his crew. Without Odysseus being this character there would be no story, and The Epic probably would not exist today. This man was chosen to be a king and a leader of a crew for a reason. He may have gotten a little caught up in the glamour and glory at times, however he was appointed leader and king by the gods above. If the crew had been just as impulsive as their leader, and followed his commands then they to would have returned to Ithaca with their leader.

Comparison of Louise Woodward Coverage Essay Example

Comparison of Louise Woodward Coverage Essay Example Comparison of Louise Woodward Coverage Essay Comparison of Louise Woodward Coverage Essay I am writing an essay about the case of the British nanny Louise Woodward who was accused of killing Mathew Eappen the son of Deborah and Sunil Eappen who live in New York. I am working from the tabloid newspapers the Sun and the Mail I am also working from the Broadsheet newspaper the Guardian.In the tabloid articles the large dramatic headline is in capital letters and takes up a quarter of the article and uses slang such as brit apposed to the word British terminology and alliteration such as nannys nights of neglect that grabs the attention of the reader because it is so big and bold. The picture of the mother Mrs Eappen is an emotional picture as it looks as if she is trying to explain something to the court. The caption under the picture is kind and pleasant because it says how emotional she is and it uses her first name and that makes you feel close to her.The picture of Louise Woodward is much different to the picture of Mrs Eappen because it is much darker and less attractive it looks as if Louise is scared and alone and the caption underneath the picture says accused which is the complete opposite of the caption underneath the picture of Mrs Eappen as it is much more harsh and cold, it doesnt let you think about what she must be feeling just that she is accused of murder. Instead of calling her by her first name the caption just says Woodward which is much more formal and distances you from her. Both of the sub headings are short and sharp.The sub-heading is much smaller in size of font and in the number of words. The sub heading is under lined which shows an amount of importance, the sub-heading is there to give you the main point about the article. In the tabloid paper the sub-heading reads Mums fear over Louise which is biased against Louise as it makes her look as if she should be feared. The actual article story is a much smaller font but even that is split up into different fonts, the first paragraph is in small font but set in bold type but the following text is normal apart from the quotations which are in italics.The Sun article is shared into readable chunks to make it easier on the reader each segment is separated by a dramatic word such as shake that is in large bold lettering and is underlined. In the Mail the article is split up by quotations of Mrs Eappen. Both the Sun and the Mail use sensational language such as partied, accused, massive and distraught thus creating anger and hate towards Louise Woodward in the readers mind, this makes you believe that Louise is guilty before you know all the facts. The Sun and Mail both also use emotive language such as Mattie almost making you think about Mathew Eappen as if he was the boy next door.The Guardian, which is a Broadsheet paper, has a headline that is much smaller than the headline of the tabloid papers, which means it only takes up roughly one seventh of the paper compared to the quarter page headline of the tabloid papers, which is quite a significant difference. The headline is much more formal, it uses neither slag nor alliteration to try and get the attention of the reader. Unlike the tabloids there is no sub-heading. The opening paragraph is detached from the rest of the article and it is all in a different bold font apart from the name David Usborne which is not in bold.It is also all in Standard English and detailed. The following lettering is in a simple font and standard size. The article is split into four well-presented long readable columns; the paragraphs are also all very lengthy. Unlike the tabloid papers the article is not split up by any words, phrases or quotations that makes it very heavy on the readers eye because there is so much to read in one go. There is only one picture and that is of Louise Woodward with a caption below that is in a full sentence, which is unbiased it is just a simple fact about Louise in the court.The Guardian only uses Standard English and many medical terms when talking about Mathew Eappen to give much more details about the case. In my opinion I believe that the tabloids are much more biased than the broadsheet papers in their articles they tend to pick sides. The guardian is much more equal and gives hard and detailed facts about each person and their story, they are much more compassionate. I would pick the tabloid paper just because I read papers just for the different gossip but if I was to read a paper for the details about a certain subject I would without doubt choose a Broadsheet.

The Role of Fate in Beowulf essays

The Role of Fate in Beowulf essays The battle between fate and free will produces a lopsided victory by fate in Beowulf. A continuous reference is directed to fate by context as well as in elements of theme, plot, and character. The most prominent relation to fate is seen with Beowulf. From his early adventures as a warrior to his later rule as king, fate strongly influences Beowulfs beliefs and courage. He attributes the successful outcomes of his many fights and struggles to the reasons of fate. The lives and outcomes of Beowulf and his enemies are obvious examples of the Beowulf poet showing that God has the power to control everything, resulting in predetermined fate. Fate goes ever as fate must.(Line 455)* Fate was a major factor in the life of pagan cultures of any time period. This is well documented in Beowulf, in which a pagan warrior wins because it is his destiny to win, not because of any free will. For instance, What God judged right would rule what happened to every man, as it does to this day.(Lines 2858-2859) This is just one of many examples that demonstrate the role of fate in death concerning pagan societies. They believed that a man could not do anything to avoid death, but would rather have to embrace it. This may be one of the reasons that Beowulf goes to confront the dragon; He feels the pull of fate, and realizes that if it was his time to die, he would die. If, however, he was fated to live, that would allow him to triumph. Therefore, there was nothing he could have done to alter his future. This is partially elaborated when the poet states that he was destined to face the end of his days, in this mortal world, as was the dragon, for all his long leasehold on the treasure. (Lines 2342-2344) This idea that fate is inflexible, that the future is already planned, is in part responsible for the massive amount of blatant foreshadowing in the story. In this way, the outcome of the entire battle ...

How Does Jack Become More And More Embroiled Essays - Hypocorisms

How Does Jack Become More And More Embroiled Essays - Hypocorisms How Does Jack Become More And More Embroiled Jack, influenced by his family, is becoming more and more like his family. His family is corrupted and when they lead Jack into their problems, Jack, as principled but also corruptible, is gradually led into the world of corruption. Samantha. She steals and she thinks its all right as long as her family members do it, its okay. Anita. She accepts gifts she didnt earn honorably. At the beginning of the play, before he was corrupted, the thought of a member of the family stealing literally shocked him to death. He questions himself, Am I the only person who thinks it (stealing) is wrong? pg24. He thinks bribing is so appalling he said, Id never do that (bribing). Never. pg19. Another element he thinks is horrible is blackmail. He says, You wont find me yielding to that sort of blackmail. Hardly ever. pg41. To show evidence that he does become more and more enmeshed in the world of corruption, he begins to think like a gangster in a mob by saying, moneyto pay Mr.HoughCliffs my protection. He now thinks and acts like a mobster, since most triad leaders often have bodyguards. By analyzing this quotation, A bonus would be in order. A cash bonus. pg66, it seems like Jack is using money to solve his problems. On pg80, he says, Anitas got some friends wholl get rid of him. The fact that he said he would get someone to kill somebody is already proof that as he gets more and more involved with his family, he grows more and more corrupted. At the beginning, I never would have thought Jack would be the godfather to the family, since he was the most righteous person. Jacks line of morality shifts away from him as he continues to traffic with his familys business. The boundaries have been reduced and there is no telling the limits that would be set. This is because Jack had been improvising the whole time and he would jeopardize his reputation for the sake of his family. In conclusion to this essay, I would say the involvement with his corrupted family has brought Jack to shift his boundary lines so far away from him he doesnt notice exactly how much the difference is.

Business Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Forecasting - Essay Example The third step includes testing the predictability of a model while using the ‘out-of-sample data’, that establishes whether the model can fulfill its duty of predictability. Historical data is essential to predict the future demand. Even though the future data may fit the future data, it is not an assurance that the forecast in the future is accurate. Like in the carbonated soft drink study, the estimate went on for over 153 weeks, with the 13 weeks used as out of sample data. The increased lead times for some specific packaging components is due to the complicated process. Also, the surfacing of more than normal supply and demand issues force a change in the supply chain after only thirteen weeks of the entire plan. The scenarios The scenarios as analyzed in the case study include sensing demand, shaping demand and ways of maximizing Return on Investment. The sensing demand handles the measures the organization undertakes to increase volume in the retail business assoc iated with grocery. The scenario is imperative in demand forecasting because it ensures the production of enough products for existing customers. The firm concentrates on major business indicators, to push sales up thus increasing profitability. The third scenario associated with maximization of ROI, the organization researches on other scenarios that can help boost sales and promote productivity. Another fourth scene not mentioned in the case study, but remains important is to understand the consumer in terms of quality and quantity standards.

Teaching Grammar Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teaching Grammar - Term Paper Example Education is a process of learning and acquiring skills and knowledge and it involves training that allows the learner to improve objectively. Textbooks, videos, modules and e-learning are just some of the ways how education is delivered (Dimarco 18). In the modern times, the said definition of education greatly applies as people prepare themselves for the corporate world after graduation, and organizations function through the application of knowledge and skills of the members and staffs. The education may not be limited only to formal education where classroom instruction is the prevalent method where skills and knowledge are passed on to the learners. Alternative education existed already before the onset of formal education but recently more educators are advocating alternative education since many people still cannot afford the formal education. They also focus on lifelong education and adult learning (Antikainen 11). In short, learning and education are intertwined in the pursu it of improvement of people. In teaching people about language, grammar is one of the main parts as rules must be present in constructing the words and sentences corresponding to certain sounds. Grammar revolves around a set of rules such as being taught widely, it is fixed and difficult. The grammar set and rules are just part of a narrow perspective of what grammar is (DeCapua 1). Grammar can also be defined as the systematic description of the skill level of a speaker as measured by the linguist (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams 13). In teaching grammar, many approaches can be used like IC analysis, TG grammar, case grammar, communicative grammar, and pedagogical grammar (EDL201). IC Analysis or Immediate Constituent Analysis is used to separate and dissect the words that make up a sentence with layered constructions (EDL201 207). On the other hand, transformational grammar describes the grammatical structure of the sentences using a set of rules that matches the knowledge of native En glish speakers (EDL201 243). Case grammar differs from IC analysis and TG grammar because case grammar includes semantics between verb and noun together with grammatical structure (EDL201 272). The fourth approach in teaching grammar is communicative grammar which is one of the newest methods. Competence in grammar is not the only consideration in linguistics since structure, function and form must also be taught in real life situations (EDL201 297). The last approach is pedagogical grammar which prioritizes the effectiveness of teaching methods to the students. It makes use of different approaches to boost the grammar learning efficiency via consciousness-raising approach and word approach (EDL201 323). The following approaches will be applied in various situations in the succeeding paragraphs. Various situations are provided to explore the importance of the methods described in the preceding paragraph. Each method is designed for particular scenario or needs of the learners, so so me methods may become more effective than other approaches in a particular situation. Five situations will be used: first, Filipino caregivers employed in Japan, Korea, China who have to teach their young wards how to speak, write and read English as part of the wards’ day- to- day school work; second, 15 to 17 year old Filipino high school students who have been hired as tourist guides for international tourists whose common language is English; third, Filipino adult migrant workers who are

TEP Theory Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

TEP Theory Analysis - Coursework Example Theory Description Scope of the theory The scope of Orlando’s Nursing Theory is low-to-medium level, and is consistent with the medium range theories, which are narrow than the grand theories. Purpose of Theory The purpose of the theory is to define the nursing process, with a focus on the systematic process of delivering care to patients that is goal driven and patient-centered (Kennedy & Lee, 2008). Origin of Theory Orlando’s Nursing Theory (1961), was developed from deliberative research Jean Orlando was undertaking as an associate professor at the Yale School of Nursing, regarding the integration of the mental health concepts in the basic curriculum for teaching nursing (Potter, 2004). She deliberated on the correct nature of the relationship between patients and nurses, and eventually developed the theory, which was published in her book, The Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship in 1961 (Faust, 2002). She focused on the nursing process that should be applied when giv ing patients medical care. Jean Orlando concluded that the nursing process should follow a systematic process, which is patient focused and achievement oriented. She held that nurses, as opposed to other medical professionals, should give patients a range of care services (Kennedy & Lee, 2008). ... All these concepts make up the nursing care process, and are elaborated under Orlando’s Nursing Theory. Major Theoretical Propositions 1. The role of a nurse extends beyond that of a mere medical professional. A nurse should find out, understand and comprehensively evaluate a patient’s need. The evaluation should go beyond the health needs of the patient, to include their mental, physical, emotional and psychological state (Kennedy & Lee, 2008). Thus, a nurse should focus on accurately assessing the situation of the patient, with a view to understanding the causative factors of a patient’s health condition and the relevant interventions that can mitigate the condition, besides medication (Potter, 2004). 2. A patient’s need is not superficial. While the patient may seem to require certain kind of help, it could be just a symptom indicating the underlying interventions that are necessary to help the patient recover fully (Faust, 2002). Therefore, a nurse sho uld go an extra mile and assess the needs of a patient accurately, since deteriorated health state could be an indication of the mental, emotional and psychological suffering that the patient has been experiencing (Kennedy & Lee, 2008). Thus, the assessment of a patient’s condition requires a nurse to be concerned and focused on the holistic welfare of the patient. 3. Accurate assessment of a patient’s condition calls for a nurse’s full integration into the patient condition. Thus, nurses need to use all the informative tips available, including their perception and thoughts on such perceptions, to diagnose fully a patient’s situation (Faust, 2002). Therefore, nurses should engage their feelings and perceptions about a patient condition to

The analysis of Eminems lyrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The analysis of Eminems lyrics - Essay Example The essay "The analysis of Eminem’s lyrics" analyzes the reasons that in Eminem's lyrics he talks about taking care or protecting them like they are objects. Eminem was raised in Detroit with a mother who according to him was an alcoholic. He had a daughter, Hailie with his girlfriend, Kim, who later became his wife. These three women affected Eminem’s lyrics immensely. Toward his mother, Eminem is very bitter. On one CD he sings, â€Å"You selfish bitch; I hope you fuckin burn in hell for this shit† in the song Cleaning out My Closet. Eminem cannot prevent his mother’s addiction to prescription pills, so he talks about her using profanities and death wishes. Another example of Eminem’s disrespect for his wife appears on the 8 Mile soundtrack. In his lyrics, Eminem puts Kim in a traditional role as a mother of his child or a piece of property as his wife. Eminem even wrote a song (not playable on the radio stations) about Kim on the Marshall Mathers LP detailing how he would torture and kill her. The last lines were â€Å"NOW BLEED! BITCH BLEED!BLEED! BITCH BLEED! BLEED†. Kim’s offense was to cheat on him. In his album The Eminem Show, Eminem raps, â€Å"But the smartest shit I did was take the bullets outta that gun Cuz I'da killed him; shit I woulda shot Kim and them both†. Eminem is not coming out and saying that he wishes the laws of the middle ages were in effect concerning women, but his songs show that if Kim Mathers had cheated on him a couple of centuries ago, she would have been dead.

E-Learning Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-Learning - Thesis Example Based on the overall finding of the research, it has been ascertained that continuous advancement in technologies imposed considerable impact over the inhabitants of Saudi Arabia especially in the circumstance of e-learning. The study further revealed that administrative, personal, technical and financial aspects mainly prevent e-learning success in primary public schools within the nation. Based on this fact, in this research study, the above discussed four aspects were considered as independent variables and e-learning success to be the dependant variable. Moreover, it was found that the average numerical value in terms of mean of responses of the teachers in technical barriers was recorded at 4.1996, administrative barriers with 4.2206, financial barriers around 4.2479 and personal barriers with 3.6811. Furthermore, the findings also indicated that administrative barriers have high effect in the succession of e-learning, as reflected by the value of coefficient. Nevertheless, the findings depicted the important fact that in order to attain greater success in the context of e-learning approach in Saudi Arabia, the teacher and the students must remain highly concerned about mitigating the above identified barriers in an effective manner. E-learning refers to the form of learning approach or its related activities, which involves the transmission of information with the use of internet. The e-learning approach has wider applicability from the students’ learning viewpoint, as a form of gaining new learning experiences.

Answer at least 5 queations thoroughly Assignment

Answer at least 5 queations thoroughly - Assignment Example However, caution adherence is paramount when using the traits to measure origins because characteristics of men and women are different. Also, mixed ancestry may cause complications. Metric traits are sex and age discriminatory while non-metric traits are mainly age discriminatory. Conclusively non-metric traits appear to be less discriminative and are more applicable. Apes have no tails; they are large and cumbersome; the body posture is upright, and the ratio of their brains to their body is bigger than the monkeys. Monkeys have tails, smaller body sizes with relatively equal hind limbs and forelimbs order (Walker and Suzanne 178). Primate is in two groups the Prosimians and anthropoids (simians). Monkey and apes fall under simians. Primate sub-orders Strepsirrhini, (wet-nosed primates), consisting of non-tarsier prosimians, and the suborder Haplorhini (dry-nosed primates), composed of tarsiers and the simians. Simians are sub-divided into catarrhine (narrow-nosed) and platyrrhine ("flat-nosed"). Catarrhine include great apes, baboons and macaques (old world monkey) while platyrrhine (New World monkeys) squirrel, howler and the capuchin. Monkeys and apes have certain similar features which they with the other primates, such features include climbing trees, movement skills like jumping from tree to tree. They all walk on two or four legs and swaying amid branches (Walker and Suzanne 226). The primates have only a pair of mammary glands, heterodyne dentition, and all have fingernails. Monkey and apes differ from other primates with their larger body sizes, condensed dependence on sense of smell, less specified color vision. They have a bony plate that forms back of the eye socket and merging two edges of maxilla at midline forms one bone. Finally, they have longer gestation and development stages. Primates have some common characteristics like

The analysis of Eminems lyrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The analysis of Eminems lyrics - Essay Example The essay "The analysis of Eminem’s lyrics" analyzes the reasons that in Eminem's lyrics he talks about taking care or protecting them like they are objects. Eminem was raised in Detroit with a mother who according to him was an alcoholic. He had a daughter, Hailie with his girlfriend, Kim, who later became his wife. These three women affected Eminem’s lyrics immensely. Toward his mother, Eminem is very bitter. On one CD he sings, â€Å"You selfish bitch; I hope you fuckin burn in hell for this shit† in the song Cleaning out My Closet. Eminem cannot prevent his mother’s addiction to prescription pills, so he talks about her using profanities and death wishes. Another example of Eminem’s disrespect for his wife appears on the 8 Mile soundtrack. In his lyrics, Eminem puts Kim in a traditional role as a mother of his child or a piece of property as his wife. Eminem even wrote a song (not playable on the radio stations) about Kim on the Marshall Mathers LP detailing how he would torture and kill her. The last lines were â€Å"NOW BLEED! BITCH BLEED!BLEED! BITCH BLEED! BLEED†. Kim’s offense was to cheat on him. In his album The Eminem Show, Eminem raps, â€Å"But the smartest shit I did was take the bullets outta that gun Cuz I'da killed him; shit I woulda shot Kim and them both†. Eminem is not coming out and saying that he wishes the laws of the middle ages were in effect concerning women, but his songs show that if Kim Mathers had cheated on him a couple of centuries ago, she would have been dead.

Answer at least 5 queations thoroughly Assignment

Answer at least 5 queations thoroughly - Assignment Example However, caution adherence is paramount when using the traits to measure origins because characteristics of men and women are different. Also, mixed ancestry may cause complications. Metric traits are sex and age discriminatory while non-metric traits are mainly age discriminatory. Conclusively non-metric traits appear to be less discriminative and are more applicable. Apes have no tails; they are large and cumbersome; the body posture is upright, and the ratio of their brains to their body is bigger than the monkeys. Monkeys have tails, smaller body sizes with relatively equal hind limbs and forelimbs order (Walker and Suzanne 178). Primate is in two groups the Prosimians and anthropoids (simians). Monkey and apes fall under simians. Primate sub-orders Strepsirrhini, (wet-nosed primates), consisting of non-tarsier prosimians, and the suborder Haplorhini (dry-nosed primates), composed of tarsiers and the simians. Simians are sub-divided into catarrhine (narrow-nosed) and platyrrhine ("flat-nosed"). Catarrhine include great apes, baboons and macaques (old world monkey) while platyrrhine (New World monkeys) squirrel, howler and the capuchin. Monkeys and apes have certain similar features which they with the other primates, such features include climbing trees, movement skills like jumping from tree to tree. They all walk on two or four legs and swaying amid branches (Walker and Suzanne 226). The primates have only a pair of mammary glands, heterodyne dentition, and all have fingernails. Monkey and apes differ from other primates with their larger body sizes, condensed dependence on sense of smell, less specified color vision. They have a bony plate that forms back of the eye socket and merging two edges of maxilla at midline forms one bone. Finally, they have longer gestation and development stages. Primates have some common characteristics like

Ageism Essay Example for Free

Ageism Essay Journal Assignment: A Review of a Study Measuring Ageism in East Tennessee, USA The renowned gerontologist Dr. Robert Butler defines ageism as â€Å"stereotyping and discrimination against people because they are old† (McGuire, Klein, Chen, p. 11, 2008). McGuire, Klein, and Chen (2008) were interested in determining the amount of ageism present amongst older adults in East Tennessee, USA. These researchers also wanted to examine the types of ageism reported by such individuals. McGuire et al. 2008) hoped that their results from this study would be a precursor for creating strategies to fight ageism in the region. Method McGuire et al. (2008) used convenience sampling methods to recruit community-dwelling older adults. The researchers were interested in surveying individuals 60 years of age or older (McGuire et al. , 2008). They obtained 247 participants who qualified for the study (mean age = 74; 75% females). The survey was administered at eight locations in four counties in the East Tennessee area (McGuire et al. , 2008). Of the eight survey sites, five of them were considered urban/suburban while three of them were considered rural. There were 151 participants from the urban/suburban sites and 96 participants from the rural sites (McGuire et al. , 2008). McGuire et al. (2008) utilized a cross-sectional survey design involving the Ageism Survey. The Ageism Survey is designed to measure the frequency of ageism in different societies, determine which subgroups of the elderly report the most ageism, and determine which types of ageism are most common (McGuire et al. , 2008). The survey includes 20 items that examine the frequency of occurrence of ageism along with examples of negative attitudes, stereotypes and institutional and personal discrimination towards the elderly (McGuire et al. , 2008). Results The participants revealed that ageism is prevalent and widespread. Roughly 84% of the participants stated experiencing ageism at least once and 71% of the participants reported experiencing ageism more than once (McGuire et al. , 2008). 69% of the participants indicated that they were told a joke that made fun of the elderly, while 51% reported that they were given a birthday card that made of the elderly. Furthermore, 40% of the participants stated that they were disregarded or not taken seriously due to their age, while 37. 5% indicated that they were patronized due to their age (McGuire et al. , 2008). Finally, 22. 8% of the participants stated that they were treated with less respect and less consideration as result of their elderly status (McGuire et al. , 2008). In addition, McGuire et al. (2008) found that a statistically significant difference existed between the urban/suburban and the rural locations in terms of the frequency of ageism. The participants from the urban/suburban areas indicated a higher rate of ageism than their rural counterparts on the following survey items: received an offensive birthday card, was told a joke that made fun of the elderly, was ignored due to their age, and a doctor assumed their ailments were age-related (McGuire et al. , 2008). The rural participants reported a higher occurrence only for the following event: someone thought I couldn’t understand due to my age (McGuire et al. , 2008). Discussion and Conclusions Based on their results, McGuire et al. 2008) concluded that ageism is thriving in the USA. Their results support findings from previous research and confirm the existence of ageism. McGuire et al. (2008) also mentioned that their study reveals the utility of the Ageism Survey and the importance of measuring ageism in society. They state that the results obtained by the Ageism Survey are useful for focusing the direction for interventions to fight ageism (McGuire et al. , 2008). Overall, McGuire et al. (2008) stress the importance of shifting societal norms towards a more accepting view of aging. Perceived Limitations  McGuire et al. (2008) state that the primary issue of their study involves their use of urban/suburban and rural dwelling participants. This is because even through the participants lived in urban/suburban or rural neighbourhoods, they may have experienced the ageism that they reported in a different setting. That is, the urban/suburban participants may have been in a rural area when they witnessed ageism, or vice versa. Furthermore, McGuire et al. (2008) mention that they are unable to say for sure whether their results are really cases of ageism and not simply hypersensitivity. In addition, participants may have been embarrassed resulting in their inaccurate responding in the survey. Thus, McGuire et al. ’s (2008) results are only as accurate as the participants’ reporting. Finally, the researchers indicate that their results may be influenced by response bias as the survey only used positively worded events; therefore, it is possible that the results are actually more positive than reality (McGuire et al. , 2008). Other limitations of this study involve the use of a convenience sample. That is, while the results may pertain to elderly participants in the East Tennessee area, they cannot be generalized beyond that. One cannot conclude that the findings from this study necessarily reveal information regarding populations in other parts of the USA or in other countries. Furthermore, the study doesn’t address whether gender differences in experiences towards ageism exist. It is generally believed that women experience a higher degree of discrimination in regards to the aging process, thus perhaps the results in this study are skewed due to the fact that 75% of the sample were female. Therefore, the results may be more negative than what would have arose if more men were surveyed. In addition, this study doesn’t address the context in which the participants experienced ageism. The elderly person may have misunderstood the situation and deemed the experience as ageist when in reality no such intentions existed. This taps into the limitation highlighted by the researchers themselves that states that the participants may have been overly sensitive. However the reverse is true as well. It is possible that the participants experience ageism a lot more than they even notice. That is, perhaps some instances of ageism are so subtle that the elderly person involved is naive to what they are experiencing. Further limitations of this study involve the technique of data collection: a survey questionnaire. While this method is generally inexpensive and allows researchers to use large samples, safeguard anonymity, and reduce the possibility of researcher bias, questionnaires have a tendency for inaccuracy. As previously mentioned, the results are only as good as the responding. It is possible that the participants lost interest while completing the study and mindlessly responded. There were no incentives given to the participants (i. e. no rewards), therefore intentional distortion may have occurred. Furthermore, self-presentation bias or impression management is a possible confound in this study. The participants may have been trying to preserve their dignity and therefore underreported their experiences of ageism. In addition, the questionnaires were presented to the participants only once; therefore it’s difficult to predict whether or not the results would be stable over time. To check this, the researchers should have used reliability tests, such as test-retest and/or alternate form. Finally, there is always the possibility that the researchers misinterpreted their results. Directions for Future Research  McGuire et al. (2008) suggest that additional research should be conducted to provide larger numbers, further support, and more culture-based population information regarding the measurement of ageism. These researchers suggest that welfare and health professionals and policy advocates can play a significant role in decreasing ageism; but, they must first be able to demonstrate the scope and epidemiology of ageism (McGuire et al. , 2008). As a result, they suggest further research in any and all areas pertaining to the prevalence ageism is vital if it is to ever be eradicated (McGuire et al. 2008). McGuire et al. ’s (2008) study appears to be a starting point and precursor for future research in the field of gerontology. While this study has demonstrated the extent of ageism in East Tennessee, it does not necessarily demonstrate how society should combat it. As a result, future research should be conducted to reveal the most effective means of eliminating ageism. Furthermore, additional research should be performed on other populations and more representative samples, such as from different age groups, ethnicities, and socio-economic statuses. Data from other countries or cultures (i. e. where the elderly are embraced) may be useful in demonstrating to Western societies the benefits and importance of elderly citizens. Furthermore, information from a variety of populations will provide a more all-encompassing view of the topic of ageism and will perhaps pinpoint a better approach to fighting it. Additional studies should make use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. It would be interesting to compare the results from an open-ended interview or case study with those from a laboratory study. By utilizing mixed-methods, the field of gerontology is exposed to a more comprehensive view of ageism. Future research should also examine which types of individuals are most vulnerable to experiencing ageism, so that efforts can be targeted to reduce ageism. Researchers should also focus on methods of spreading awareness. That is, they should study the most effective means of educating society about the effects and prevalence of ageism. Another potential line of research may involve asking younger individuals whether they have participated in acts of ageism. The results from this possible study may provide useful information on how younger generations view ageism and how society can go about educating them and preventing future acts of ageism. It would also be interesting to uncover data pertaining to implicit ageism and self-stereotyped ageism. Finally, it may be beneficial to reveal whether ageism exists amongst and between the elderly. That is, whether or not older adults engage in ageism themselves. Overall, future research should be focused on developing an epidemiology of ageism so that society can start working on decreasing it in our world.

Causes of Different Country Rates of Development

Causes of Different Country Rates of Development Kaitlyn Kanaly Guns, Germs, and Steel Summary In Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond is trying to answer his friend, Yali’s, question. Yali asked Diamond in New Guinea, â€Å"Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo, but we black people had little cargo of our own?† (Diamond, 1998, p. 14). Yali was referring to all of the different advantages certain societies had that resulted in prosperous populations, while others failed. Diamond centers Guns, Germs, and Steel around answering Yali’s question. Throughout the semester, we were set out to define the â€Å"big idea† of each chapter individually. The first half of this book’s â€Å"big idea† is to show how food production, domesticating plants and animals, and most importantly, how geography itself are the main factors that determined which societies became more powerful than another. Diamond supports his thesis through evidence that he reveals in each chapter. Diamond’s search for an answer to Yali’s question started off by looking at the biology of when and how the first humans evolved. Then, he concentrated on more specific societies to further support his research. During his research, Diamond still could not explain why Eurasia became the most advanced continent even though Africa had a head start. What Diamond came to find out, however, is that a society is not successful because of the color of one’s skin or how intelligent one may or may not be, but it is the geography that allows a society to either flourish or diminish. To further defend his geographic explanation, Diamond suggests that the events that took place on the Chatham Islands was, in fact, due to a geographic stand point of the Maori and Moriori people. The technologically advanced Maori society successfully conquered the considerably weaker Moriori society. Further justifying this explanation, he points out that race could not have been a factor between these two groups because the two cultures had come from the same origin and were just separated within an unmindful time frame. Diamond also looked at factors, other than genetics, that determined the differences between the two societies. He then concluded that the Moriori were unable to provide an abundance of food due to the cold climate. The lack of food put the Moriori at a disadvantage because their society was significantly weaker than the Maori’s. Aside from the production of food, the Maori people were advanced in other areas that were not possible for the Moriori because o f their geographic location. Because the Moriori were isolated on an island, they did not have the means for communication with other people, and technological ideas were unable to spread to their society. Thus, only the Maori people were rich in food production, technology, and communication because of their geographic location. Geography also has had a major effect in which parts of the world developed food production over others. Areas such as deserts or high mountains are simply not suited for agriculture, while others may support some crops, but not others. Another factor is that there are only a limited number of plants suitable for domestication. According to Diamond, being able to successfully produce food was the start for societies to also develop of guns, germs, and steel. There are a few components that influenced the adoption of food production: the decline in wild foods, an increase in plants, the development of technology, and change in population density. With less wild food available, people did not have much of a choice but to grow their own. Technology also allowed food to be produced at a quicker pace. Acquiring an abundance of food meant that societies could reach a higher population density that would, in turn, lead to many more advantages. People were able to settle in one place because of farming, which allowed more complex and advanced food production. These more densely populated societies were able to create technology, invent writing, and became immune to epidemic diseases. All three of these remarkable factors is what Diamond found to be the reasons why one society was able to conquer another. Still, there were additional factors that Diamond set out to examine. Animals also played a key role in certain parts of the world developing quicker than others: the distribution of animals around the world was also a result of geography. Eurasia was home to the most domesticated mammals, which put the people there at an advantage. These domesticated animals not only helped as an additional food source, but also provided many other services for societies. Farming was completed much easier and at a quicker pace because animals were able to pull plows and also serve as fertilizer. Animal fur was used to keep warm, and the bones were converted into various handy tools. Diamond also analyzed the way plants, food, and ideas were able to spread from continent to continent. Food production spreads most easily if one is moving east to west, because plants and animals didn’t have to adapt to a drastic change like you would going north and south, as the climate will be either the same or similar going east or west as opposed to north and south. For example, because Eurasia is spread further east and west, it was almost effortless to haul crops and animals from one location to another, which made Eurasia more successful and subsequently advanced than other parts of the world. In conclusion, there are many reasons why certain societies prospered compared to others; and it all boils down to the geography of the land. Diamond proves that beneficial aspects of geography allows societies to effortlessly grow food than others. On the other hand, there are also geographical explanations as to why food production failed in some parts of the world. Diamond confidently insists that it does not matter who is smarter than who, but rather, that the most prosperous society was blessed by the more dominant environment. In essence, those who lived in more fertile areas had a much greater chance of success. Reflection I strongly believe that Diamond does an amazing job at dissecting how and why certain continents prevailed over others. He manages to go into detail, but not too much detail that would confuse his readers. I like the fact that he keeps his findings slightly broad because it makes the story line easier to follow. The way he presents how geography plays such a major role in history is extremely powerful and intriguing. There are many critics, however, who do not agree with Diamond’s message that geography is the ultimate factor for advanced continents, rather than racial or intelligence reasons. For example, York and Mancus are more concerned with the social aspects that contributed to the rise of certain continents over others. As quoted from the Human Ecology Review: His position would be strengthened if he more fully recognized that different types of societies have different internal dynamics, and that each era has its own particular processes and contradictions (York Mancus, 2007, p. 160). I think that this is too critical of an opinion for Diamond’s work. I do not think that Diamond intended his book to be overly specific, but rather a more broad, overall explanation of how and why the world evolved the way it did. Another critic focuses on the chapter in Diamond’s book where latitude is discussed. James Blaut, a geography professor, suggests that Diamond supplies â€Å"hardly an explanation† of the development and westward spread of technology and food. According to The Geographical Review: His description fails to mention that diffusion eastward and southward from the Near East via the Indian Ocean, and southward from China through the South China Sea, was as important and as easy, as was diffusion west-ward (Blaut, 1999, p. 400). I agree with this critic that Diamond should have explored all options for the spread of technology and food before he had stated that east-west movement was the easiest way to do it successfully. However, I do not recall Diamond saying that east-west diffusion was the one and only way. Although there are critics that do not fully agree with everything that Diamond has found in his research in Guns, Germs, and Steel, I think that this book is exceptionally educational. The book has an outstanding story line that is easy to follow and is packed with intriguing information that truly gets you thinking. I can’t wait to finish the rest of the book to see what else Diamond has to say about the establishment of our world. Sources Blaut, J. M. (1999). ENVIRONMENTALISM AND EUROCENTRISM.Geographical Review,89(3), 391. Diamond, J. (1998).Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: W.W. Norton Company. York, R., Mancus, P. (2007). Human Ecology Review. Diamond in the Rough: Reflections on Guns, Germs, Steel, 14(2). http:/www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her142/yorkandmancus.pdf

Migration and Disease in Africa during European Imperialism Essay

The Relationship between Migration and Disease in Africa during European Imperialism During the era of European Imperialism, from approximately 1880 to 1930, an increasing number of Europeans began to colonize West Africa. Because of this colonization many African natives migrated eastward, inadvertently transporting diseases to which the East Africans were not immune (Ransford 76). This phenomenon can be explained through examining the implications of geographical isolation, the effects of large-scale migration, and alluding to a specific example of disease transference in Africa from the west to the east. Because of geographic isolation, human societies develop either genetic or cultural defenses against certain types of disease, an adaptation that keeps them free from major endemic devastation (Patterson 3). K. David Patterson, Associate Professor of History, describes the African environment as â€Å"extremely dangerous for outsiders† and goes on to say that Europeans â€Å"generally found Africa’s ‘fevers’ and ‘fluxes’ deadly until the beginning of tropical medicine in the late nineteenth century† (7). Similarly, once the geographic and cultural barriers between West and East Africa were broken down, they became extremely vulnerable to the other’s infectious diseases (Azevedo 121). Nevertheless, Europe had still not entered into the scene, maintaining the balanced east versus west arrangement. Fear of the diseases, unsavory climate, shallow rivers and impassible swamps all deterred Europe from colonizing Africa (Ransford, 8). However, beginning in the late nineteenth century, the deterrence was outweighed by the pressures of European Imperialism, and many Europeans fled to the African front. ... ...n Congo, specifically. It is extremely detailed in content, yet covers a variety of issues including imperialism, disease, climate, and indigenous tribes of the African Congo. http://www.rbm.who.int (Roll Back Malaria – WHO) A link that describes the malaria issues facing Africa currently. Malaria, along with sleeping sickness had a profound effect on the history of Africa during the Imperialist era. Specifically, this website advertises Roll Back Malaria which is an international mission to increase and hopefully help prevent future malaria epidemics. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trypanosomiasis/default.htm (CDC) This link goes to the Center for Disease Control and provides some basics about West and East African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). It also includes a weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report (MMWR).

The Impossibility of Female Desire in Pygmalion and The Awakening Essay

In â€Å"The Power of Discourse and the Subordination of the Feminine,† Luce Irigaray argues that, because society uses a patriarchal language that privileges male-gendered logic over female-gender emotion, there is no adequate language to represent female desire. She writes that â€Å"feminine pleasure has to remain inarticulate in language, in its own language, if it is not to threaten the underpinnings of logical operations† and, because of this, â€Å"what is most strictly forbidden to women today is that they should attempt to express their own pleasure† (796). This inability to articulate female desire means that female desire becomes unutterable, something that cannot be expressed. According to Irigaray, this unutterable-ness of female desire in patriarchal language leaves only one option for women to attempt to express their desire and that is the act of mimicry or mimesis. Mimesis is not an attempt to represent female desire in patriarchal language; inst ead, mimesis is in attempt through the use of patriarchal language to reveal that female desire cannot be presented, a way to â€Å"make ‘visible,’ by an effect of playful repetition, what was supposed to remain invisible – the cover-up of a possible operation of the feminine in language† (795). Mimesis exposes how patriarchal language disallows or denies female desire by circling around the absence of that female desire, by making its absence perfectly clear in a patriarchal discourse. The concept of a patriarchal discourse, necessary to Irigaray’s argument, is an example of a shared interpretive community, a term coined by Stanley Fish that refers to a discursively-created set of ideas, beliefs, and interpretations that belong to a community or multiple communities. The most important aspe... ...etative community of patriarchal language, does not allow for the existence of female desire and kills what little life it had in Eliza in these last lines. In the end, the characters of Edna and Eliza reveal the impossibility of female desire, of their having desire, within a culture that cannot articulate or name it. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. Ed. Nancy Walker. Boston: Bedford, 2000. Print. Fish, Stanley. "How to Recognize a Poem When You See One." Is There a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980. PDF File. Irigaray, Luce. "The Power of Discourse and the Subordination of the Feminine." Literary Theory: An Anthology. By Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2004. Print. Shaw, George Bernard. Pygmalion. New York: Dover Publications, 1994. Print.

Case Study on Organizational Conflict Essay

After reading â€Å"The New Career Development Program that Ruins Careers Case† on pages 330–332 of the textbook (Fundamentals of organizational communication: Knowledge, sensitivity, skills, values (seventh Ed. ) by Shockley-Zalabak, P. S. ) which will henceforth be referred to as the case study. I also reviewed chapter nine, Organizational Conflict, of the same textbook and have identified many examples of conflict preferences, strategies, tactics, and emotions displayed by all of the participants involved in the case study. All of which will be discussed forthcoming, as well as how Jane can resolve this conflict. This case study displayed three of the five conflict preferences outlined in chapter nine to include avoidance, competition, and collaboration (Shockley-Zalabak, 2009, pg 303, 306-308. ) Both Jill and Roger provided a good example of avoidance when they decided to remove themselves from contention. They also collaborated to make it known that they are not yet ready for the new tasking. Both Denise and John demonstrated competition preferences while presenting their cases to be in charge of the new program by citing experiences and accomplishments. John also pointed out Denise’s avoidance issues by stating, â€Å"You (Denise) just won’t confront things openly (Shockley-Zalabak, 2009, pg 331). † Throughout this case study, one could make out all four conflict strategies and tactics (escalation, avoidance, maintenance, and reduction) that were displayed. Right in the beginning, John escalates the conflict by openly declaring his desire for the program lead position. Denise demonstrates avoidance tactics by trying to shut down the topic, shifting the decision back to Jane, and reminding others that she is the â€Å"senior member of this team (Shockley-Zalabak, 2009, pg 331). † Jane tried to adopt the tactic of maintenance when she encouraged all parties to voice their opinions. However, Jane was ultimately forced to use reduction tactics as the meeting became too hot tempered by calling an end to the meeting, addressing the two primary aggressors independently, and reconvening the meeting the next day. The three main participants (Jane, Denise, and John) of this case study displayed a varying degree both cognitive and behavioral emotions that contributed to the outcome of each stage in this conflict. Denise’s opening words conveys her cognitive emotions. These emotions are compounded by John’s own cognitive emotions that quickly turn into a behavioral emotional response demonstrated by his outburst towards the end that was directed at Denise. Jane’s cognitive emotions came out when she responded to Denise avoidance of John’s outburst and claim for the position by insisting for Denise to state her position of the lead role. Each of the three participants feeding off and escalating the conflict until Jane had to end the meeting. This gave Jane some time to evaluate and determine who is best suit for the lead position. After this conflict, Jane has to be careful to find a mutually agreeable solution to who will have the lead position or run the risk creating a hostile working environment or even losing a valuable employee. Both Denise and John have a proven track record and expertise that demonstrates that they both could excel in the position. However, both displayed a lack of maturity and poise needed for a project of such magnitude. Therefore, I believe that Jane should initially take lead and have both Denise and John write a proposal on the ways to improve the Career Development Program. Then compare and analyze each proposal. Afterwards, combined the best ideas of each proposal to form a comprise between them. Then assign Denise and John as Co-leads for the new Career Development Program. By forcing them to work together the program get the benefit from both well established experts and both Denise and John get the credit and acknowledgment they desire. Reference: Shockley-Zalabak, P. S. (2009). Fundamentals of organizational communication: Knowledge, sensitivity, skills, values (seventh Ed. ).

Coal Keeps the Lights on

He would go in at dark and leave at dark and often go without eating or taking a break because his Job was so demanding. Even though mining was dangerous and vigorous work he loved his Job. In 1966 his pay was $3. 25 an hour, for that day and time he was making good money. In 1980 when he had to quit due to health issues his top pay was $26. 00 an hour. 00nes) fit was hard, but I had a Job to do.Coal keeps the lights on. said Delbert. His Job came with many responsibilities. He had to take care of himself, make sure his workers were all safe and make sure they got the Job done. Cones) When he got his Job finished he was ready to go home to his wife and family. Delbert said there was nothing better than the boss saying may boys lets shut her down, its time to go home. That was something they looked forward to after a long days work. Upchurch 2 He knew when he was a little boy he was going to be a coal miner. His grandfather, father and many close relatives and friends were all coal mi ners.If you lived in Harlan, more than likely you were going to be working in the mines. The best thing he liked about his Job was the challenge of hard work. He said he loved anything that came as challenge to him, he loved when he achieved exactly what he set out to do. Cones) Jones said he misses working in the mines. If his health was better he would be right back. He also said that most of his family worked in the mines, but he wouldn*†° want any of his grandchildren going through what he did to provide for his family. He said It was a good Job, but he could live without the aches and pain he feels veryday.Cones) Although life in the mines were hard, it was even harder on his body. The twenty two years he gave the mines gave him back one destroyed body. He ended up having black lung disease from inhaling all of the coal dust which eventually turned in to COPD Cones) He also nad to go through six back surgeries trom all ot the bending over and crawling he had to do. He said if you work in the mines you will come out with an old tattered up and worn down body. He would love to be living in Harlan, working dusk til dawn living the coal miners life. It was and will always be apart of who he is.Two of his sons also worked in the mines along side of him. They didn*†° put nearly as many years as he did, but put enough in to both be disabled with back injuries. Jones said it was important to him that he see them get out of there before they got *lack lungand It take over the rest of their lives. He said he would have loved it if his body would have let him work long enough to retire from the mines. That was one of the goals he had set for himself that he didn*†° get to accomplish. Jones said he is somewhat thankful he got out when he did, if not the stress of the Job may have been too hard on

A note on Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A note on Water - Essay Example The government should ensure that the legislations governing small businesses are extremely efficient and promote the growth of SMEs instead of stifling their growth. The government should abolish restrictive policies that limit the expansion of most SMEs and put in place regulations that favor the operations of most SMEs. The small business sector is responsible for most of the new jobs created every year by creating over 50% of the total new jobs in the American economy (Zimmerer & Scarborough, 26). SMEs also contribute a significant portion of the total retail sales and consumption in the United States. This is a significant contribution to the GDP of the country, which should be encouraged by the government through enhancing the operating environment of these businesses. Many times the government ignores the contribution of small businesses to the overall economic strength of the country, especially when implementing economic reforms targeted at improving the economy. This is wha t will be highlighted throughout this paper, and suggestions will be proposed on ways to reverse the situation in favor of the small business community. Problem statement or need analysis The main problem being addressed in this paper is the glaring reality facing small businesses and the fact that the government has been ignoring these businesses in many of its economic policies. Economic policies made in recent times such as the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, which was passed in 2009 fail to address the significant issues facing small businesses. Yet these are the same businesses creating employment opportunities for majority of the American workforce. As many large corporations in the United States have been downsizing the growth of small businesses has been expanding significantly. Currently, there are over 23 million small businesses in the United States with many more being started every day (SBA, 2007). These businesses account for over half on new jobs created every year within the United States, yet they are significantly underserved by the government, which is focused on promoting the big corporate companies. A good example of the neglect by the government of small business was during the financial crash and ensuing recession of 2009, where the government put in place programs to protect the big financial institutions from failing yet did not put any structures in place to cushion the small businesses. This is a clear indication of the government’s obsession with big businesses and their contribution to the economy, while ignoring the core foundation of the economy, which is built on small businesses. Many of the so-called big corporate companies ended up downsizing their employees and it was the small businesses that absorbed these workers as employees, whereas even some of those downsized started their own small businesses. In the early 2000s when the dot com bubble burst, most of the companies that suffered were small tech business es, which were caught up in the bubble, yet even in this occasion the government moved in to protect the investors in these stocks leaving the small business owners to suffer alone. Many of the hedge funds that had bought the dot com stocks were cushioned from the full impact of the bubble bust by the government, but this was not the case for the innovative entrepreneurs who were left with insolvent companies. However, it is important that the government switches its focus from the

Project Management Degree Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Management Degree - Assignment Example Therefore, the shop must look towards expanding its team of employees and creating a website that is comprehensive in terms of the details of products, purchase catalogue, and the like. The business, in its process of expansion, can include at least ten work packages, in order to breakdown the work into smaller areas of concentration. The business expansion can be broken down under these categories: The expansion of the inventory, which means the stock of each product must be expanded, in order to cater to the demand of the international market. The product quality, besides the indigenous tint needs to be maintained for an ethnic yet qualitative touch. The development of role of IT, in promoting the business. This needs to be done, keeping in view the revolution fo the internet and how e-communication sit he answer to distance-related woes! The expansion of the staff also needs to be done, by employing more professionals, to keep up the expansion plan and also to introduce more specialisation in the varied departments of the business. Physical expansion, in other words, the setting up of small offices in some important cities in regions in Asia and the United States, can be of great help in handling business in the areas. The laying down of a Product Catalogue, with the price list, by converting the currencies according to local currencies; and related operations need to be performed for better productivity. The business also needs to think about appointing local staff, in order to facilitate better penetration in local markets, across the globe. Risk Management is another area of working that needs concentration. A SWOT Analysis of the risks involved and the competencies possessed by the business to face these risks, is a must. Garnering knowledge of the markets and making the business alter according to these specifications. 3. Three work packages specifications. Environment: This is a crucial element that often affects work packages. The environment of operation of business must be altered according to the changing place of operation, to suit local markets. Human Factors: The human resources need to be managed, utilised according to needs and also channelized in the right direction, in order to cater to the demands of the busines

The West Side Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The West Side Story - Essay Example But for everything to be alright, there was a very high price to pay, and that is Tony’s death. The West Side Story was a musical that borrowed the concept of Romeo and Juliet. It had the same plot line. There were lovers who wanted to be together despite their differences. They succeeded only to fail in living together since they died together. Of course the stories wouldn’t be that much similar or else it won’t be successful anymore. The West Side Story was a story of two rival gangs, same as Romeo and Juliet’s two rival families. It was set in Manhattan, New York. During the time the story was finalized, gang violence was rampant. It was very timely and it intrigued the public because it had a relevant social issue. The West Side Story was not just a tragedy because of the dark mood and depressing final act that it had. It was also a story about how triumph can have a very high price. In this case, it was death. With Tony’s death, the rival gangs joined together realizing what hate and anger can do to them. When Maria declared that â€Å"all of (them) killed him, not with bullets or guns, but with hate. (And now she) can kill too because now (she) has hate,† it made them realize the alarming situation of how every one of them can die because of their hatred towards each other. And this hatred is not even something that has enough bearing. They were just fighting because they had different racial backgrounds. They have different beliefs and perspectives. The hatred was passed on from one generation to another. When Anita tried to send Tony a message, she was almost raped by the Tony’s group. She was treated with disrespect and because of this, she sent out a distorted message. Instead of warning them that Chino is looking to kill Tony with a gun, she blurted out that Maria was killed by Chino in a fit of jealousy and rage. And this caused Tony to seek out Chino and his death. Anita was touched by hatred because of what was done to her. Something that could have been prevented if only she was treated with respect. But as Tony felt that it will be alright in the end, it did become alright. When the members of both gangs joined together to carry Tony’s body, it symbolizes intersecting of racial differences to repent and have peace with each other. This plot line is still powerful even up to these times. This is a story about racial differences. It tells us what biases and prejudice can do to us. It is still a significant social issue until today. It is still a challenge for some people to accept another race as part of a group or a team. Gangs are street groups. They are created to protect their territories, places where they grew up, places where they are comfortable with. Of course, as any other person, if your personal space is threatened, you fight for you. This is the same for gangs. They fight for their space. They believe that only one group can stay in one place. But because p eople cannot compromise and because hatred is set so deep in their hearts, people die. The characters in the story signify the different personas that are involved in street gangs. There are the leaders, their successors, the followers and their women. The women are not muses of the gangs. They are not direct members of the gang. They are only associated with the gang members by blood or by relationship. They may be a sister, cousin or girlfriend. But even if they are not members of the gang, they still get involved in whatever conflicts there are between the gangs. Since they are associated with the members by blood or relationship, it is believed that their loyalty will be with their own. As Chino said to Maria when her brother was killed by Tony, she should â€Å"stick with (her) own kind.† That was the thought process of someone whose racial belief is

Should the authorities control what is show in TV Essay

Should the authorities control what is show in TV - Essay Example They would say that the authorities were put in place by the majority of the population so this gives them the right to ban something they may deem offensive. This essay will present both sides of the argument and will debate the pros and cons of each. Those who argue against censorship of television would say that the state has no right to interfere with the lives of its citizens. The state regulates television programming based on commissions that it has set up in order to look into this issue. The state has a role to protect its citizens from harmful programming that may offend a significant amount of viewers. Where people disagree with state censorship of television is that one particular thing may be censored but not another. What are the guidelines and boundaries that are used to determine whether something is suitable or not for television? Who is in charge of deciding what to censor and what not to censor? Opponents of television censorship would say that they are educated en ough to make their own decisions about what is appropriate for them and their families. It should be the role of the state to provide as much television programming as possible and then the individual viewer can decide if something is okay or not. Basically, this comes down to first amendment rights—a citizen has the freedom of speech to choose what he may or may not do.

Information Technology in Transport and Logistics Essay

Information Technology in Transport and Logistics - Essay Example This essay focuses on discussing the application of IT solutions to transportation and logistics that can improve their efficiency and to bring about better management of highways, shipping, airfreight, railroad and public transportation systems. The researcher also analyzes that it can help ease traffic congestion, enhance the efficiency and productivity of transportation services and logistics, and more significantly reduce costs. As it's observed in the essay, sustainable transportation in an age today when energy prices are uncertain but broadly increasing requires that efforts be made to shift passenger and goods transport to cheaper means of transportation. The application of IT solutions to large-scale transportation and logistic systems has certainly produced increased efficiencies even today, particularly in order booking and tracking, vehicle navigation, route planning, and safety and control systems. However, the researcher states that there is still more room for making s uch applications wider across the globe in future in tune with the rapid strides in information and communication technologies and the Internet revolution. Information technologies also need to be capable of graceful scalability when applied to traffic control, logistic management or vehicle system. In addition, many logistics and transportation companies serve a large clientele, transparency of information about real-time operations can also make a difference to clients, particularly in scheduling and tracking shipments.

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective (EXAM PREPARATION) Essay

Modern Business in Comparative Perspective (EXAM PREPARATION) - Essay Example Through outsourcing, the management will get some free time to concentrate on improvement of its output. On the other hand, in the year, 2000 Hewlett Packard Co in US has increased the production of its products by 50 %. The company ensures that it has enough to meet its customers demand at any particular time. The countries ensure that they acquire adequate raw material as well as skilful personnel in order to produce quality products. The companies also provide that they use modern equipment’s in their production process to produce quality products. Japan, most company’s management is transferring their operation to online. That is, they have to find their raw material online and find a market their products online. The company products also call for proper marketing of its products to sell to the expectations of the enterprise. However, various companies have different marketing strategies that the use to sell their products. For instance, Toyota Company in Japan ensures that it acquires and sells over 50% of its products online. On the other hand, most Companies in US uses promotional techniques. The companies always conduct road shows to market its products. In addition, the companies also adopt the system of e-commerce in most of its operations. Economic success of the particular countries contributes a lot to the country’s economic success. However, the countries management ensures that it properly trains its employees in order to meet organizational objectives at just in time (JIT). For instance, Honda Company in USA ensures that it gives its employees an opportunity to learn more. For instance, the company takes its employees for seminars in order to improve their skills and experience. On the other hand, Toyota Co in Japan ensures that it provides on the job training to its employees if performance evaluation demands training. The operation management of both USA and Japan are equal in the

Canters Behavior Essay Example for Free

Canters Behavior Essay Dylan is a five year old boy that from the very start showed disruptive behavior frequently throughout the classroom. Dylan’s teacher has well- documented his actions and she has asked the administrators of the school for support, plus she has also referred Dylan to have a behavioral evaluation. The teacher has spoken with Dylan’s parents on many occasions and they say his behavior was the same at home. Dylan’s parents also stated that his disruptive behavior was his way of seeking attention. During this time Dylan’s behavior is generally getting more and more disruptive and aggressive. With the teacher’s observation logs, Dylan’s is having a rough time playing along with other children and is having a difficult time following directions. Just about every day Dylan is hitting, yelling, or is taking things away from the other children’s hands to get the teacher to come over and see what is wrong. Many of the children have made the decision to ignore him or to just move in another direction away from him. With his academic skills he is far more behind than the other students in class. Dylan has the knowledge to finish the activities, but he is rarely in the mood to do so. Sometimes the issues begin when the teacher starts giving everyone there assignment and is working quietly, that’s when Dylan’s behavior really goes through the roof, and when he is told what to do about his behavior. While the disruptive behavior remains the teacher’s patience with Dylan starts to run very thin and begins to call out to every unacceptable behavior that he shows. These actions start to have a negative influence on the attitudes of the remaining students. Most of students start to mimic Dylan’s actions while the others students are not finishing their work. This can result in the teacher needing to spend a lot of time having to deal with Dylan’s behavior and not having enough time with to teach. Teachers have many avenues to teach students successfully and professionally take care of unacceptable behaviors. One step would be to use the Canter’s Behavior Management Cycle, into effect (Canters 2006). Canter has three steps; first, effectively communicating explicit directions, second, using behavior narration and third, taking corrective action. When starting to use Canters’ cycle teachers will need to take the time to use two very important methods at the start of the school year this is going to help minimize disruptive behaviors. One, creates lessons on appropriate behavior for specific parts of the school day, activities, and transitions (Canters p. 31) and second creates a, â€Å"Responsible Behavior Curriculum,† for the first two weeks of the school year (Canters chap. ). This curriculum will set the tone of the class for introducing what is acceptable with appropriate behaviors, and that they are expected to follow the rules from students throughout the school day. Teachers should start with Canters’ behavioral cycle; Dylan’s teacher needs to start with the first step. The first step will need to that the teacher to communicate clear, specific and detailed directions. The directions are being given to Dylan and he is to follow them precise. When giving directions they need to be quite clear and on point at all costs. The teacher needs to always evade being unclear to the students, if they know what is expected of them they will follow. The teacher’s directions should contain precisely how the students are to conduct themselves in the classroom. Explicit directions should include the, â€Å"expectations for student verbal behavior, physical movement, and participation† (Canters p. 53). The teacher needs to never make the mistakes of assuming what the students know, what the expectations of their behavior is, and the teacher should always recall the students on a daily basis what is expected of them. The teacher has to have a firm grip on effective communication while having detailed directions, she can continue on to the next important step. This step involves using â€Å"Behavioral Narration† (Chapter 9), which is how the teacher will positively motivate Dylan to follow directions. One way of achieving this is to give Dylan and the class as a whole effective positive feedback (Canters p. 58). When giving detailed directions, the teacher should look to notice which student within seconds of giving the directions to see who is really following the directions that were given. The teacher needs to point out who is listening to the directions and how the students are following the directions. At the moment when Dylan is being difficult the teacher does not need to focus on giving Dylan more attention, but try to focus on the students who are listening and making good choices. When trying to change the unwanted behavior the teacher needs to try to use the behavioral narration, which will allow the teacher to repeat the rules and define the acceptable behavior of students who are making good choices. This will show the students their teacher is mindful of the actions that are taking place and is more than ready to fix any problems that may arise. When the teacher acknowledges the acceptable behaviors and recaps the directions it sets a wonderful start and a positive atmosphere in the room. The class will be regularly recalled on what is expected from their behavior, students are expected to follow the rules, students who were not able to receive or finish their assignment will have time to finish and catch up with the rest of the class. Students will be given a chance to have time to catch up when needing be. With this step it can go the extra mile by setting up an award-system in place. For example, when the directions are given the teacher notices Dylan is sitting where his seat is and he is working on the assignment that was given to him, then the teacher would say to his friends, â€Å"Look at Dylan he is sitting at his seat and is working on his assignment so nicely I am going to have to give Dylan his extra class point that he earned in class. Ultimately this will inspire Dylan to have more acceptable behaviors and the other students to strive for the goals that are set up for the students to obtain. The last action of the cycle is corrective action taken (Chap. 10). When the direct instructions have been given out, looking to observe the group for ten seconds, reports were made on students that are on the right track, and when Dylan is not following directions; then you must use the corrective action. This is done by directive verbal statements or disciplinary consequences (Canters p. 9). The teacher needs to peacefully reaffirm the instructions and notify the students of their penalties and what their actions have caused. This can also let Dylan and the entire class knows and understands that you are very serious about bringing an end to unacceptable behavior. Students need to know, understand, and be aware of the effects for disrupting the class and just making unacceptable choices. When the unacceptable behavior remains untouched the procedure needs to be shadowed with the corresponding reaction. Every time a student shows a disruptive behavior it should be dealt with immediately and that the penalties produced is entirely from the student’s actions. In order for students to learn the rules must be enforced. Students have to have structure so they can flourish, they need to know what is expected of them on day one. Once a child knows that they cannot get away with disruptive behavior they will tend to not want to misbehave. If there is a reward system they will definitely want to have a reward at the end of the day or week. Consistency is the key to keeping students where they need to be in order to have peace in the room.